Emerging therapies for gait disability and balance impairment: Promises and pitfalls
Open accessAbstract
Therapeutic management of gait and balance impairment during aging and neurodegeneration has long been a neglected topic. This has changed considerably during recent years, for several reasons: (1) an increasing recognition that gait and balance deficits are among the most relevant determinants of an impaired quality of life and increased mortality for affected individuals; (2) the arrival of new technology, which has allowed for new insights into the anatomy and functional (dis)integrity of gait and balance circuits; and (3) based in part on these improved insights, the development of new, more specific treatment strategies in the field of pharmacotherapy, deep brain surgery, and physiotherapy. The initial experience with these emerging treatments is encouraging, although much work remains to be done. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss several promising developments in the field of gait and balance treatment. We also address several pitfalls that can potentially hinder a fast and efficient continuation of this vital progress. Important issues that should be considered in future research include a clear differentiation between gait and balance as two distinctive targets for treatment and recognition of compensatory mechanisms as a separate target for therapeutic intervention. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Common consumer technologies such as smartphones have the advantages of widespread availability, low cost, and high sensor quality.
“common consumer technologies such as smartphones have the advantages of widespread availability, low cost, and high sensor quality.”
From Evaluation of smartphone‐based testing to generate exploratory outcome measures in a phase 1 Parkinson's disease clinical trial (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
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Self-citationFunctional disturbance of the locomotor network in progressive supranuclear palsy
Zwergal, A., la Fougère, C. J., Lorenzl, S., Rominger, A., Xiong, G., Deutschenbaur, L., Schöberl, F., Linn, J., Dieterich, M., Brandt, T., et al. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318281cc43 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa-resistant postural instability in Parkinson's disease
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Bicycling breaks the ice for freezers of gait
Snijders, A. H., Toni, I., Růžička, E., & Bloem, B. R. (2011) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23530 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Imaging supraspinal locomotor control in balance disorders
Jahn, K., & Zwergal, A. (2010) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2010-0506 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Clinical effects of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine in cases of parkinsonism and pure akinesia.
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Objective measurement of dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease using a force plate
Chung, K. A., Lobb, B. M., Nutt, J. G., McNames, J., & Horak, F. B. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22856 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
van Nuenen, B. F. L., Helmich, R. C. G., Ferraye, M., Thaler, A., Hendler, T., Orr‐Urtreger, A., Mirelman, A., Bressman, S., Marder, K. S., Giladi, N., et al. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws288 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationVrancken, A. M. P. M., Allum, J. H. J., Peller, M., Visser, J. E., Esselink, R. A. J., Speelman, J. D., Siebner, H. R., & Bloem, B. R. (2005) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0896-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationSrulijes, K., Reimold, M., Liščić, R. M., Bauer, S., Dietzel, E., Liepelt‐Scarfone, I., Berg, D., & Maetzler, W. (2011) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23975 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationErratum: Comparing exercie in Parkinson's disease—The Berlin LSVT®BIG study
Ebersbach, G., Ebersbach, A., Edler, D., Kaufhold, O., Kusch, M., Kupsch, A. R., & Wissel, J. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23486 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sturkenboom, I. H. W. M., Graff, M. J. L., Borm, G. F., Adang, E., der Sanden, M. W. G. N., Bloem, B. R., & Munneke, M. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-34 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationVerrel, J., Lövdén, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052024 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Cortical Activation during Clock Reading as a Quadratic Function of Dementia State
Saur, R., Milian, M., Erb, M., Eschweiler, G. W., Grodd, W., & Leyhe, T. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-091390 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lifting the “FOG” With Laser Generated Visual-Cueing
van Gerpen, J. A., Rucker, C. T., Matthews, M., & Saucier, M. A. (2012) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/nrl.0b013e318266f919 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Axial disability and deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease
Fasano, A., Aquino, C., Krauss, J., Honey, C., & Bloem, B. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.252 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
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A clinical view on the development of technology‐based tools in managing Parkinson's disease
Maetzler, W., Klucken, J., & Horne, M. (2016) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26673 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating Whether Sight Is the Most Valued Sense
Enoch, J., McDonald, L., Jones, L., Jones, P. R., & Crabb, D. P. (2019) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.3537 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Detection of Motor Impairment in Parkinson's Disease Via Mobile Touchscreen Typing
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Classification of gait disturbances: Distinguishing between continuous and episodic changes
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Inertial sensors versus standard systems in gait analysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Petraglia, F., Scarcella, L., Pedrazzi, G., Brancato, L., Puers, R., & Costantino, C. (2019) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.18.05306-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Nieuwhof, F., Bloem, B. R., Reelick, M. F., Aarts, E., Maidan, I., Mirelman, A., Hausdorff, J. M., Toni, I., & Helmich, R. C. G. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx042 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Finally, our patients generally were in advanced stages of the disease, as reflected in relatively long disease duration and the presence of postural instability (Maetzler et al., 2013).”
Self-citationParkinsonism and Related Disorders
Slow, E., & Lang, A. E. (2019) · DeckerMed Transitional Year Weekly Curriculum™ · doi:10.2310/tywc.1178 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Educational attainment and motor burden in Parkinson's disease
Kotagal, V., Bohnen, N. I., Müller, M. L. T. M., Koeppe, R. A., Frey, K. A., Langa, K. M., & Albin, R. L. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26272 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Steib, S., Klamroth, S., Gaßner, H., Pasluosta, C. F., Eskofier, B. M., Winkler, J., Klucken, J., & Pfeifer, K. (2017) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968317721976 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Gait and balance dysfunction are extremely common in this population, increase during the disease course, and lead to a subsequent loss of mobility and quality of life.(4,5) Critically, they also contribute to the increased risk of falling in PD patients.”
Backgroundvan Uem, J. M. T., Walgaard, S., Ainsworth, E., Hasmann, S. E., Heger, T., Nussbaum, S., Hobert, M. A., Micó-Amigo, M. E., van Lummel, R. C., Berg, D., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151997 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationDance therapy for individuals with Parkinson's disease: improving quality of life
Hackney, M. E., & Bennett, C. G. (2014) · Journal of Parkinsonism and Restless Legs Syndrome · doi:10.2147/jprls.s40042 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“59 Dance may improve the axial impairment 38 that greatly affects participation and also HRQOL in those with PD. 60”
Nonnekes, J. H., de Kam, D., Nijhuis, L. B. O., van Geel, K., Bloem, B. R., Geurts, A. C. H., & Weerdesteyn, V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122064 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This stresses the notion that future studies should address gait and balance separately [62], and calls for studies elucidating the specific neural circuits subserving these behaviors, as well as their degradation in PD.”
BackgroundSelf-citationContinuous leg dyskinesia assessment in Parkinson's disease –clinical validity and ecological effect
Ramsperger, R., Meckler, S., Heger, T., van Uem, J., Hucker, S., Braatz, U., Graessner, H., Berg, D., Manoli, Y., Serrano, J. A., et al. (2016) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.02.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, Y., Heida, T., van Wegen, E. E. H., Bloem, B. R., & van Wezel, R. J. A. (2015) · Journal of Parkinson’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-150568 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“As these problems can persist in spite of optimal drug treatments and deep brain stimulation, alternative rehabilitation therapies are required [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPostural instability in Parkinson’s disease: Review and bottom-up rehabilitative approaches
Viseux, F., Delval, A., Defebvre, L., & Simoneau, M. (2020) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2020.10.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Step Length Is a Promising Progression Marker in Parkinson’s Disease
Welzel, J., Wendtland, D., Warmerdam, E., Romijnders, R., Elshehabi, M., Geritz, J., Berg, D., Hansen, C., & Maetzler, W. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21072292 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Circular walking might thus reflect different motor and cognitive processes than straight walking [28], and may therefore be less suitable as a task for determining progression in PD.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSubthalamic nucleus stimulation improves Parkinsonian gait via brainstem locomotor centers
Weiss, P. H., Herzog, J., Pötter‐Nerger, M., Falk, D., Herzog, H. R., Deuschl, G., Volkmann, J., & Fink, G. R. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26229 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Rehman, R. Z. U., Hansen, C., Maetzler, W., Din, S. D., Rochester, L., Hortobágyi, T., & Lamoth, C. J. C. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20154098 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Fallers are expected to have a significant different gait pattern in particularly during DT compared to non-fallers [31] because DT increases the influence of supraspinal control mechanisms on gait compared to ST [32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationParticipatory Design in Parkinson's Research with Focus on the Symptomatic Domains to be Measured
Serrano, J. A., Larsen, F., Isaacs, T., Matthews, H. F., Duffen, J., Riggare, S. S., Capitanio, F., Ferreira, J. J., Domingos, J., Maetzler, W., et al. (2015) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-140472 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Parkinson’s Disease (PD) relies on the accurate assessment of how it affects people with Parkinson’s (PwPs) as individuals [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGait Is Associated with Cognitive Flexibility: A Dual-Tasking Study in Healthy Older People
Hobert, M. A., Meyer, S. I., Hasmann, S. E., Metzger, F. G., Suenkel, U., Eschweiler, G. W., Berg, D., & Maetzler, W. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00154 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Such models can account for the complex interplay between (dys)function and the compensation mechanisms that are involved in complex movements, such as gait and balance performance in particular under challenging conditions (Maetzler and Hausdorff, 2012; Lord et al., 2013; Maetzler et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMultidisciplinary Care to Optimize Functional Mobility in Parkinson Disease
Tosserams, A., de Vries, N. M., Bloem, B. R., & Nonnekes, J. H. (2019) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2019.09.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationPostural Stability in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Is Improved after Stochastic Resonance Therapy
Kaut, O., Brenig, D., Marek, M., Allert, N., & Wüllner, U. (2016) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2016/7948721 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Visual deprivation elicits subclinical postural inflexibilities in early Parkinson's disease
Panyakaew, P., Anan, C., & Bhidayasiri, R. (2015) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.01.022 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“What constitutes the ‘best practice’ physiotherapy for PI in PD is currently unclear, but the evidence looks favorable for a multidisciplinary approach to promote a physically active lifestyle and a series of trainings on compensatory mechanisms [45].”
BackgroundBrodie, M. A. D., Dean, R. T., Beijer, T. R., Canning, C. G., Smith, S., Menant, J. C., & Lord, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-140430 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Recently, greater distinction between mobility and balance impairments in people with PD has been advocated [37].”
Elshehabi, M., Maier, K. S., Hasmann, S. E., Nussbaum, S., Herbst, H., Heger, T., Berg, D., Hobert, M. A., & Maetzler, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“, 2012), may be detected with higher sensitivity when using challenging conditions (Mirelman et al., 2011; Maetzler et al., 2013; Bergareche et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDigitomotography in Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
Maetzler, W., Ellerbrock, M., Heger, T., Saß, C., Berg, D., & Reilmann, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123914 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“compensation mechanisms which indeed strongly interfere with continuously progressing deficits [21,22].”
Self-citationHerfurth, M., Godau, J., Kattner, B., Rombach, S., Grau, S., Maetzler, W., & Berg, D. (2015) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.01.016 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying Subtle Motor Deficits Before Parkinson’s Disease is Diagnosed: What to Look for?
Maetzler, W., Mirelman, A., Pilotto, A., & Bhidayasiri, R. (2024) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230350 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This may mask some deficits, particularly in a supervised assessment context [20, 37, 38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHasmann, S., Berg, D., Hobert, M., Weiss, D., Lindemann, U., Streffer, J., Liepelt-Scarfone, I., & Maetzler, W. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00286 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationBrodie, M. A. D., Canning, C. G., Beijer, T. R., & Lord, S. R. (2015) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/36/5/873 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Salkovic, D., Hobert, M. A., Bellut, C. D., Funer, F., Renno, S., Haertner, L., Hasmann, S. E., Staebler, J., Geritz, J., Suenkel, U., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00075 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“This observation is supported by the overwhelming evidence that there are cognitive demands of gait rather than viewing gait as a series of automatedmotor actions (Woollacott and Shumway-Cook, 2002; Yogev-Seligmann et al., 2008; Maetzler et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationScherbaum, R., Moewius, A., Oppermann, J., Geritz, J., Hansen, C., Gold, R., Maetzler, W., & Tönges, L. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11257-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“As mentioned above, dual-task conditions are considered more sensitive to subtle deficits [86, 104] which applies especially to motor-motor dual-tasking which has been suggested as a more useful predictor of falls in PD than motor-cognitive dual-tasking [86].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSartor‐Pfeiffer, J., Bettecken, K., Bernhard, F. P., Hofmann, M., Gladow, T., Lindig, T. M., Ciliz, M., ten Kate, M., Geritz, J., Heinzel, S., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00213 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The precentral and cerebellar areas, basal ganglia, (Maetzler et al., 2013) fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, bilateral inferior frontal gyri and right supplementary motor area (Jahn et al., 2004) are involved in gait performance.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCerebellar rTMS in PSP: a Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Study Using Mobile Health Technology
Pilotto, A., Rizzetti, M. C., Lombardi, A., Hansen, C., Biggi, M., Verzeroli, G., Martinelli, A., Romijnders, R., Borroni, B., Maetzler, W., et al. (2021) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-021-01239-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationKlenk, J., Srulijes, K., Schatton, C., Schwickert, L., Maetzler, W., Becker, C., & Synofzik, M. (2016) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000444802 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSozzi, S., Ghai, S., & Schieppati, M. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13070978 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Imbesi, S., Corzani, M., Petrocchi, F., Lopane, G., Chiari, L., & Mincolelli, G. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79763-8_42 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Scientometric Research and Critical Analysis of Gait and Balance in Older Adults
Mao, Q., Zheng, W., Shi, M., & Yang, F. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24103199 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Wearable devices, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors, have been developed as a result of contemporary technical advancements, and they can be used to monitor balance and gait when outside [94–97].”
BackgroundActivity-dependent adaptive deep brain stimulation improves gait in Parkinson’s disease
Scafa, S., de Seta, V., Wang, R., Lopez, P., López, A. S., Varescon, C., Sakr, I., Bérard, N., Bole-Feysot, L., Deschenaux, C., et al. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04432-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Addressing these deficits remains a priority in the treatment of PD 7 .”
Lane, H., Rose, L. E., Woodbrey, M., Arghavani, D., Lawrence, M. A., & Cavanaugh, J. T. (2016) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000160 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Serrano, J. A., Thoms, A., & Weber, P. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07527-3_31 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Predictive potential of circular walking in prodromal Parkinson's disease
Micó-Amigo, M. E., Kingma, I., Heinzel, S., Solbrig, S., Hobert, M. A., Elshehabi, M., Brockmann, K., Metzger, F. G., van Lummel, R. C., Berg, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x241306141 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“21 Body-fi xed-sensors (BFS), are easily usable in a clinical context 22,23 and have been proposed as a tool to identify subtle gait impairments in early stages of PD. 24,25 Particularly, in a study based on the assessment of straight gait with a BFS on the lower back, step time variability and…”
Self-citationGelingendes Altern: Was können Neurologie und Geriatrie beitragen?
Synofzik, M., & Maetzler, W. (2015) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-014-4194-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCholinergic Pathway SNPs and Postural Control in 477 Older Adults
Arnold, C., Schulte, C., Moscovich, M., Sünkel, U., Zaunbrecher, L., Metzger, F. G., Gasser, T., Eschweiler, G. W., Hauser, A., Berg, D., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00260 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationChien, H. F., Barbosa, E. R., Souza, C. D. O., Dias, A. E., & Conti, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46062-8_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Balance and gait in neurodegenerative disease: what startle tells us about motor control
Nonnekes, J. H. (2015) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Subthalamic nucleus encoding steers adaptive therapies for gait in Parkinson’s diseasePreprint
Scafa, S., de Seta, V., Wang, R., Lopez, P., Varescon, C., Sakr, I., Bérard, N., Bole-Feysot, L., Deschenaux, C., Enderli, I., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.25333478 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Strategic Differences in Balance Recovery between Athletes and Untrained Individuals
Verniba, D., & Gage, W. H. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bluett, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56484-5_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Micó-Amigo, M. E., & Amigo, E. M. (2017) · Revista Tecnología Ciencia y Educación · doi:10.51302/tce.2017.138
Einfluss von computerbasiertem kognitivem Training auf Mobilität bei gesunden Älteren
Geritz, J., Maetzler, W., & Schlenstedt, C. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-018-1369-9
“im Sinne von Kompensationsstrategien) wird in der Literatur beschrieben [7, 10, 13].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMedical professional's viewpoint and clinical adoption
Tönges, L., & Deuschl, G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99494-1.00012-5
Cortical and Subthalamic Dynamics Associated with Distinct Gait Domains in Parkinson’s DiseasePreprint
Mei, Z., Salzmann, L., Brunner, A. S., Fleisch, A., Lambercy, O., Gassert, R., Taylor, W. R., & Ravi, D. K. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10770297/v1
- Authors
- Maetzler, W., Nieuwhof, F., Hasmann, S. E., & Bloem, B. R.
- Affiliations
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- Movement Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-09-15
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1576-1586
- ISSN
- 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8257
- OpenAlex
- W1877691820
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- zenodo.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- gait disturbance, balance disorders, aging, neurodegeneration, pharmacotherapy, deep brain stimulation, physiotherapy, compensatory mechanisms, quality of life, mortality
- MeSH terms
- Emergency Medical Services, Postural Balance, Humans, Quality of Life, Sensation Disorders, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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