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Cited by 56Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsBalance, Gait, and Falls PreventionNeurological disorders and treatments

Clinicopathological characteristics of freezing of gait in autopsy‐confirmed Parkinson's disease

Virmani, Tuhin, Moskowitz, Carol B., Vonsattel, Jean‐Paul, Fahn, Stanley·2015·Movement Disorders
DOI 10.1002/mds.26346
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Abstract

Background: Twenty‐five percent to sixty percent of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients reportedly have freezing of gait, leading to impaired mobility, falls, and decreased quality of life. Several factors have been associated with gait freezing in PD patients. We analyze for these factors in autopsy‐proven PD patients. Methods: We performed a chart review of 58 patients with pathologically confirmed PD based on substantia nigra Lewy bodies. Freezing of gait was defined as a score of 1 or more on Item 14 of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale or if documented on examination. Serial office notes and scales were used to determine onset and progression of motor and non‐motor symptoms. Results: Patients had been followed up for an average of 20 visits over 9 y. The mean onset of gait freezing was 9.3 y from initial motor symptoms. Patients with earlier gait freezing more commonly had initial gait difficulties and developed postural instability, dyskinesias, memory impairment, hallucinations, and vivid dreams earlier during the disease course. Early onset of hallucinations was correlated with more rapid progression of gait freezing. Maximal equivalent levodopa dose was not correlated with earlier onset or progression of gait freezing. Progressive and more severe gait freezing trended toward higher‐severity Lewy body disease on postmortem examination. Conclusions: Early onset and rapid progression of freezing of gait in this cohort were correlated with early cognitive impairment and hallucinations that are potential clinical hallmarks of cortical Lewy bodies. The gradual worsening and severity of gait freezing correlated with the density of cortical Lewy body–containing neurons. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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  • A quarter to 60% of Parkinson's disease patients experience freezing of movements usually after several years from onset.

    “A quarter to 60% of patients experience freezing of movements usually after several years from onset (Virmani et al. 2015).”

    From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Virmani et al. 2015

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Authors
Virmani, T., Moskowitz, C. B., Vonsattel, J., & Fahn, S.
Affiliations
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author
Fahn, Stanley
ORCID
Virmani, Tuhin
Venue
Movement Disorders
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-08-03
Volume
30
Issue
14
Pages
1874-1884
ISSN
  • 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
  • 1531-8257
DOI
10.1002/mds.26346
OpenAlex
W1809758688
Cited by
56
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3
FWCI
4.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
Keywords
freezing of gait, Parkinson's disease, Lewy bodies, cortical Lewy bodies, hallucinations, cognitive impairment, postural instability, dyskinesia, levodopa dose, disease progression, substantia nigra, autopsy findings
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Female, Gait, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Disease Progression, Gait Disorders, Neurologic

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