The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health
Abstract
It is generally accepted that carbohydrate fermentation results in beneficial effects for the host because of the generation of short chain fatty acids, whereas protein fermentation is considered detrimental for the host's health. Protein fermentation mainly occurs in the distal colon, when carbohydrates get depleted and results in the production of potentially toxic metabolites such as ammonia, amines, phenols and sulfides. However, the effectivity of these metabolites has been established mainly in in vitro studies. In addition, some important bowel diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and ulcerative colitis appear most often in the distal colon, which is the primary site of protein fermentation. Finally, epidemiological studies revealed that diets rich in meat are associated with the prevalence of CRC, as is the case in Western society. Importantly, meat intake not only increases fermentation of proteins but also induces increased intake of fat, heme and heterocyclic amines, which may also play a role in the development of CRC. Despite these indications, the relationship between gut health and protein fermentation has not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, the existing evidence about the potential toxicity of protein fermentation from in vitro animal and human studies will be summarized.
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In the citing paper
“Studies in animal models and in vitro show that compounds like ammonia, phenols, p-cresol, certain amines and hydrogen sulfide, play important roles in the initiation or progression of a leaky gut, inflammation, DNA damage and cancer progression.15”
From The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Regarding this, as protein consumption is increased, the amount of proteins reaching the colon is increasing correspondingly, leading to numerous and diverse bacterial metabolite production (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), SCFAs, polyamines, ammonia, methane, aromatic compounds, nitric oxide, tyramine, tryptamine, phenethylamine, serotonin, histamine, and others) in the”
From Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [147]
In the citing paper
“BCAA deamination leading to BCFA production is a marker of colonic fermentation developed by protein consumption [147].”
From Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [147]
In the citing paper
“Fermented foods enriched with Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacteria sp [129] can result in specific changes in gut microbiota activity, improving stress-induced symptoms such as depression, mood disturbance as well as digestive issues [130].”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [129]
In the citing paper
“While athletes may require a higher protein intake, high protein diets can affect the microbiota composition and function through amino acid fermentation in the colon that produces undesirable metabolites (e.g. phenol, hydrogen sulfide and amines) and urea and tend to lead to higher fecal pH (reviewed by Windey et al [129]).”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [129]
Citations
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Benassi B., 2007, High protein‐high red meat and high carbohydrate weight loss diets do not differ in their effect on lymphocyte DNA damage using the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome assay, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 51, 245
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication
Silva, Y. P., Bernardi, A., & Frozza, R. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00025 · Cited by 3,043
“Protein fermentation usually takes place in the distal large intestine where carbohydrates are already depleted and also leads to the production of potentially toxic metabolites, such as ammonia, phenols, and sulfides, as well as unique branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) (69, 71).”
BackgroundThe gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer
Louis, P., Hold, G. L., & Flint, H. J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro3344 · Cited by 2,925
The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease
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“15 On the contrary, dietary fi bre or intake of plant-based foods appears to inhibit this, highlighting the importance of maintaining gut microbiome carbohydrate fermentation.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Windey, K., De Preter, V., & Verbeke, K.
- Affiliations
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Verbeke, Kristin
- ORCID
- Verbeke, Kristin
- Venue
- Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-11-25
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 184-196
- ISSN
- 1613-4125 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-4133
- OpenAlex
- W2101238009
- Cited by
- 692
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- protein fermentation, gut health, distal colon, short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, amines, phenols, sulfide, colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, meat consumption, heme, heterocyclic amines, dietary fat, colonic metabolites
- MeSH terms
- Ammonia, Animals, Colon, Cresols, Diet, Fermentation, Humans, Hydrogen Sulfide, Meat, Phenols, Proteins, Colorectal Neoplasms, Gastrointestinal Tract
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