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Cited by 441Gut microbiota and healthGastrointestinal motility and disordersMicrobial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology

Review article: insights into colonic protein fermentation, its modulation and potential health implications

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Yao, C. K., Muir, J. G., Gibson, P. R.·2016·Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
DOI 10.1111/apt.13456
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Abstract

Summary: Background: Beneficial effects of carbohydrate fermentation on gastrointestinal health are well established. Conversely, protein fermentation generates harmful metabolites but their relevance to gastrointestinal health is poorly understood. Aim: To review the effects of increased protein fermentation on biomarkers of colonic health, factors influencing fermentative activity and potential for dietary modulation to minimise detrimental effects. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE and Google scholar for clinical and pre‐clinical studies using search terms – ‘dietary protein’, ‘fermentation’, ‘putrefaction’, ‘phenols’, ‘sulphide’, ‘branched‐chain fatty acid’, ‘carbohydrate fermentation’, ‘gastrointestinal’. Results: High protein, reduced carbohydrate diets alter the colonic microbiome, favouring a potentially pathogenic and pro‐inflammatory microbiota profile, decreased short‐chain fatty acid production and increased ammonia, phenols and hydrogen sulphide concentrations. These metabolites largely compromise the colonic epithelium structure, causing mucosal inflammation but may also directly modulate the enteric nervous system and intestinal motility. Increased protein fermentation as a result of a high‐protein intake can be attenuated by addition of oligosaccharides, resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides and a reduction in total protein or specifically, aromatic and sulphur‐containing amino acids. These factors may have clinical importance as novel therapeutic approaches to problems, in which protein fermentation may be implicated, such as malodorous flatus, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis and prevention of colorectal cancer. Conclusions: The direct clinical relevance of excessive protein fermentation in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome, malodorous flatus and ulcerative colitis are underexplored. Manipulating dietary carbohydrate and protein intake have potential therapeutic applications in such settings and warrant further clinical studies.

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  • Other sources of endogenous SCFAs include the breakdown of proteins by the microbiota, host metabolism of long-chain fatty acids and pyruvate into acetate, and the consumption of alcohol.

    “Other sources of endogenous SCFAs include the breakdown of proteins by the microbiota (Yao et al., 2016), host metabolism of long-chain fatty acids and pyruvate into acetate (Knowles et al., 1974), as well as the consumption of alcohol (Sarkola et al., 2002).”

    From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Yao et al., 2016

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Authors
Yao, C. K., Muir, J. G., & Gibson, P. R.
Affiliations
The Alfred Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author
Yao, C. K.
ORCID
Venue
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-11-02
Volume
43
Issue
2
Pages
181-196
ISSN
  • 0269-2813 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2036
DOI
10.1111/apt.13456
OpenAlex
W2165105782
Cited by
441
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 42 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 10
FWCI
1.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Danone
  • Ferring
  • AbbVie
  • Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A.
  • Pfizer
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
Keywords
dietary protein, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen sulfide, phenolic metabolites, branched-chain fatty acids, colonic epithelium, mucosal inflammation, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer prevention, oligosaccharides, resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharides, sulfur-containing amino acids, dietary modulation
MeSH terms
Ammonia, Colon, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Fermentation, Humans, Colorectal Neoplasms

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