Proportion of caloric restriction‐induced weight loss as skeletal muscle
Open accessAbstract
Objective: This study's objective was to develop models predicting the relative reduction in skeletal muscle (SM) mass during periods of voluntary calorie restriction (CR) and to validate model predictions in longitudinally monitored samples. Methods: The model development group included healthy nonexercising adults ( n = 897) who had whole‐body SM mass measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Model predictions of relative SM changes with CR were evaluated in two longitudinal studies, one 12 to 14 weeks in duration ( n = 74) and the other 12 months in duration ( n = 26). Results: A series of SM prediction models were developed in a sample of 415 males and 482 females. Model‐predicted changes in SM mass relative to changes in body weight (i.e., ΔSM/Δbody weight) with a representative model were (mean ± SE) 0.26 ± 0.013 in males and 0.14 ± 0.007 in females (sex difference, p < 0.001). The actual mean proportions of weight loss as SM in the longitudinal studies were 0.23 ± 0.02/0.20 ± 0.06 in males and 0.10 ± 0.02/0.17 ± 0.03 in females, similar to model‐predicted values. Conclusions: Nonelderly males and females with overweight and obesity experience respective reductions in SM mass with voluntary CR in the absence of a structured exercise program of about 2 to 2.5 kg and 1 to 1.5 kg per 10‐kg weight loss, respectively. These estimates are predicted to be influenced by interactions between age and body mass index in males, a hypothesis that needs future testing.
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It is reasonable to conclude that muscle loss accounted for at least half of the reduction in lean mass during the STEP-1 trial.
“However, it is reasonable to conclude that muscle loss accounted for at least half of the reduction in lean mass during the STEP‐1 trial.”
From Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
The Discussion reports skeletal-muscle loss with diet-induced weight loss, but says the models’ applicability to pharmacologic therapies requires drug-specific consideration. The Modeling Approach section says skeletal muscle makes up about half of adult fat-free mass; it does not say muscle accounts for half of the *loss* in lean mass. The paper therefore does not establish that proportion for the STEP-1 trial. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredModeling data suggest that loss of muscle mass varies by sex, representing 10% to 15% of total weight reduction in females and 20% to 25% in males, in the absence of structured strength training.
“Modeling data suggest that loss of muscle mass varies by sex, representing 10%–15% of total weight reduction in females and 20%–25% of total weight reduction in males, in the absence of structured strength training [64].”
Cross-sectional studies indicate that men lose around 2-2.5 kg of muscle for every 10 kg of body weight lost, whilst women lose approximately 1-1.5 kg.
“Cross‐sectional studies indicate that men lose around 2–2.5 kg of muscle for every 10 kg of body weight lost, whilst women lose approximately 1–1.5 kg [14].”
From Muscle Loss in Obesity Therapy as a Therapeutic Target: Trial Design and Endpoints for Regulatory Discussions (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
It is reasonable to infer that muscle accounted for at least half of the lean mass loss in the semaglutide group, yielding a conservative estimate of ≥10% skeletal muscle mass reduction.
“However, it is reasonable to infer that muscle accounted for at least half of the LM loss, yielding a conservative estimate of ≥10% SMM reduction in the semaglutide group [37].”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
Modeling data suggest that loss of muscle mass varies by sex, representing 10-15% of total weight reduction in women and 20-25% of total weight reduction in men, in the absence of structured strength training.
“Modeling data suggest that loss of muscle mass varies by sex, representing 10–15 % of total weight reduction in women and 20–25 % of total weight reduction in men, in the absence of structured strength training [60].”
Modeling data suggest that loss of muscle mass varies by sex, representing 10%-15% of total weight reduction in females and 20%-25% in males, in the absence of structured strength training.
“Modeling data suggest that loss of muscle mass varies by sex, representing 10%–15% of total weight reduction in females and 20%–25% of total weight reduction in males, in the absence of structured strength training [64].”
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- Authors
- Heymsfield, S. B., Yang, S., McCarthy, C., Brown, J. B., Martin, C. K., Redman, L. M., Ravussin, E., Shen, W., Müller, M. J., & Bosy‐Westphal, A.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Heymsfield, Steven B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-10-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-40
- ISSN
- 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-739X
- PMC
- PMC10872987
- OpenAlex
- W4387440077
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 9.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AG020478, AG020480, AG020487, AG029914, P30DK26687, P30DK040561, P30DK072476, R01AG045761, U01 AG022132, U54 GM104940)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caloric restriction, weight loss, skeletal muscle mass, muscle mass loss, prediction model, sex differences, body mass index, age, overweight, magnetic resonance imaging
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Muscle, Skeletal, Caloric Restriction, Overweight
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