Energy balance: an overview with emphasis on children
Open accessAbstract
Childhood obesity is a significant public health problem, affecting one in five children in the United States. At the crux of this issue is a dysregulation of energy intake and energy expenditure. This review will provide an overview on energy and nutrient balance. We discuss energy balance studies in children using indirect and direct measures, and focus particularly on obesity as a deleterious consequence in childhood survivors of cancer. Obesity affects 11-57% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, probably due to increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure secondary to reduced habitual activity caused by fatigue. However, most of the studies in children with leukemia are retrospective, use BMI as a measure of obesity, and are inconclusive about the impact of the type of treatment on the development of obesity later in life. To better understand the etiology of obesity in both healthy and sick children, we need to undertake nutrient balance studies with appropriate measures of fat mass and fat distribution while keeping in mind the influence of normal tissue growth and puberty on energy balance.
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With excess calorie intake, being sedentary or engaging only in light-intensity physical activity can lead to a positive energy balance contributing to overweight and obesity.
“With excess calorie intake, it can also lead to a positive energy balance57 contributing to overweight and obesity, which are risk factors for type 2 diabetes.”
From Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) (2020) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Tam, C. S., & Ravussin, E.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- ORCID
- Tam, Charmaine S.
- Venue
- Pediatric Blood & Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-10-20
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 154-158
- ISSN
- 1545-5009 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-5017
- PMC
- PMC4215728
- OpenAlex
- W1988419534
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Pediatric Blood & Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK072476)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Keywords
- energy balance, childhood obesity, nutrient balance, energy intake, energy expenditure, childhood cancer survivors, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, fatigue, body mass index, fat mass, body fat distribution, puberty
- MeSH terms
- Child, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Obesity
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