Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man. Methods and results using a respiratory chamber.
Open accessAbstract
Daily human energy requirements calculated from separate components of energy expenditure are inaccurate and usually in poor agreement with measured energy intakes. Measurement of energy expenditure over periods of 24 h or longer is needed to determine more accurately rates of daily energy expenditure in humans. We provide a detailed description of a human respiratory chamber and methods used to determine rates of energy expenditure over 24-h periods in 177 subjects. The results show that: fat-free mass (FFM) as estimated by densitometry is the best available determinant of 24-h energy expenditures (24EE) and explains 81% of the variance observed between individuals (24EE [kcal/d] = 597 + 26.5 FFM); 24EE in an individual is very reproducible (coefficient of variation = 2.4%); and even when adjusted for differences in FFM, there is still considerable interperson variability of the daily energy expenditure. A large portion of the variability of 24EE among individuals, independent of differences in body size, was due to variability in the degree of spontaneous physical activity, i.e., "fidgeting," which accounted for 100-800 kcal/d in these subjects.
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Women have lower basal metabolic rates than men even after accounting for fat-free mass, fat mass, sex, and age.
“Women have lower basal metabolic rates than men, even when differences in fat free mass (FFM), fat mass, sex and age are accounted for (51).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
The Results report that basal metabolic rate correlates with fat-free mass and is not related to percentage body fat. Although the Methods include both women and men, the passages found do not compare their basal metabolic rates after adjustment for fat-free mass, fat mass, and age. Searches for a sex-specific adjusted BMR result found none. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFat-free mass is the primary determinant of resting metabolic rate, and resting metabolic rate is the largest component of total daily energy expenditure.
“It is well established that FFM is the primary determinant of RMR, and that RMR is the largest component of total daily energy expenditure [42].”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Ravussin, E., Lillioja, S., Anderson, T. E., Christin, L., & Bogardus, C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1986-12-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1568-1578
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC423919
- OpenAlex
- W2139671959
- Cited by
- 1,166
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 12.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- 24-hour energy expenditure, fat-free mass, energy requirements, spontaneous physical activity, fidgeting, interindividual variability, reproducibility, energy intake
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Basal Metabolism, Body Weight, Calorimetry, Energy Metabolism, Environment, Controlled, Food, Humans, Obesity, Oxygen Consumption, Regression Analysis, Sleep, Time Factors
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