The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cattell-horn-carroll abilities and cognitive tests: What we've learned from 20 years of research
Abstract
This article reviews factor‐analytic research on individually administered intelligence tests from a Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) perspective. Although most new and revised tests of intelligence are based, at least in part, on CHC theory, earlier versions generally were not. Our review suggests that whether or not they were based on CHC theory, the factors derived from both new and previous versions of most tests are well explained by the theory. Especially useful for understanding the theory and tests are cross‐battery analyses using multiple measures from multiple instruments. There are issues that need further explanation, of course, about CHC theory and tests derived from that theory. We address a few of these issues including those related to comprehension–knowledge (Gc) and memory factors, as well as issues related to factor retention in factor analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the late 1990s to 2000s, almost all major clinical, individually administered tests of human intelligence have iterated towards test revisions that were either explicitly or implicitly based on CHC model test design blueprints.
“In the late 1990's to 2000's almost all major clinical, individually administered tests of human intelligence have iterated towards test revisions that were either explicitly or implicitly based on CHC model test design blueprints (Keith and Reynolds, 2010; Schneider and McGrew, 2018).”
From A Definition of AGI (2025) · cites this paper as Keith and Reynolds, 2010
Citations
Cites
Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies
Carroll, J. B. (1993) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571312 · Cited by 4,121
Watkins, M. W., Wilson, S. M., Kotz, K. M., Carbone, M. C., & Babula, T. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164406288168 · Cited by 94
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 78
- 10.1002/pits.20435 · DOI
- 10.1016/0160-2896(95)90013-6 · DOI
- 10.1177/073428299501300407 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0088951 · DOI
- 10.1016/B978-008043793-4/50036-2 · DOI
- Cattell R. B., 1987, Intelligence: Its structure, growth, and action
- Cattell R. B., 1971, Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action
- 10.1037/a0012884 · DOI
- Chen H.‐Y., 2009, What does the WISC‐IV measure for Chinese students? Validation of the scoring and CHC‐based interpretive approaches in Taiwan, Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 54, 85
- 10.1177/0734282905285244 · DOI
- Elliott C. D., 1990, Differential Ability Scales: Introductory and technical manual
- Elliott C. D., 2007, Differential Ability Scales (2nd ed.): Introductory and technical manual
- 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.935 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0022-4405(98)00003-X · DOI
- 10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.002 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/j.intell.2005.06.002 · DOI
- Horn J. L., 1998, Human cognitive abilities in theory and practice, 57
- Horn J. L., 2005, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, 41
- Horn J. L., 2007, Factor analysis at 100: Historical developments and future directions, 205
- Hunt M. S.(2007).A joint confirmatory factor analysis of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition and the Woodcock‐Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities Third Edition with preschool children. Unpublished Dissertation Ball State University Muncie Indiana.
- 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00254-8 · DOI
- 10.1080/01443410500390897 · DOI
- 10.1207/s15374424jccp2203_6 · DOI
- Kaufman A. S., 1983, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
- Kaufman A. S., 1993, Manual: Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test
- Kaufman A. S., 2004, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (2nd ed.): Technical manual
- 10.1016/0022-4405(87)90020-3 · DOI
- 10.1177/002221948601900303 · DOI
- Keith T. Z., 1985, Questioning the K‐ABC: What does it measure, School Psychology Review, 14, 9, 10.1080/02796015.1985.12085140 · DOI
- 10.1002/1520-6807(198607)23:3<241::AID-PITS2310230302>3.0.CO;2-I · DOI
- 10.1177/073428299000800314 · DOI
- Keith T. Z., 1997, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, 373
- Keith T. Z., 2005, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, 581
- 10.1016/0022-4405(88)90005-2 · DOI
- 10.1177/002246698401800315 · DOI
- Keith T. Z., 2006, Higher‐order, multi‐sample, confirmatory factor analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition: What does it measure, School Psychology Review, 35, 108
- 10.1080/02796015.1999.12085967 · DOI
- Keith T. Z., 2001, What does the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) measure? Joint confirmatory factor analysis of the CAS and the Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability (3rd ed.), School Psychology Review, 30, 89, 10.1080/02796015.2001.12086102 · DOI
- 10.1002/pits.20498 · DOI
- 10.1177/073428298700500407 · DOI
- 10.1177/073428299901700305 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/h0088950 · DOI
- Kranzler J. H., 1999, Independent confirmatory factor analysis of the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS): What does the CAS measure, School Psychology Review, 28, 117, 10.1080/02796015.1999.12085952 · DOI
- 10.1177/073428290001800204 · DOI
- 10.1016/0022-4405(95)00004-6 · DOI
- 10.1207/s15327906mbr2904_5 · DOI · Paper page
- McGhee R., 1993, Fluid and crystallized intelligence: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Differential Abilities Scale, Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitudes‐3, and Woodcock–Johnson Psycho‐Educational Battery–Revised, Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 20
- McGrew K. S., 2005, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, 136
- McGrew K. S., 1998, The intelligence test desk reference (ITDR): Gf‐Gc cross‐battery assessment
- McGrew K. S., 1990, WJ‐R technical manual
- McGrew K. S., 2001, Technical manual. Woodcock–Johnson III
- 10.1002/pits.20394 · DOI
- Naglieri J. A., 1999, How valid is the PASS theory and CAS, School Psychology Review, 28, 146, 10.1080/02796015.1999.12085953 · DOI
- Naglieri J. A., 2005, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, 441
- Naglieri J. A., 1997, Cognitive assessment system: Interpretive handbook
- 10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.003 · DOI
- 10.1002/pits.20495 · DOI
- 10.1521/scpq.20.1.66.64191 · DOI
- Reynolds C. R., 2003, Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales
- 10.1016/j.intell.2006.08.002 · DOI
- 10.1037/1045-3830.22.4.511 · DOI
- Roid G. H., 2003, Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales (5th ed.): Technical manual
- Roid G. H., 2005, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, 325
- 10.1002/pits.20211 · DOI
- 10.1016/0022-4405(92)90030-9 · DOI
- 10.1521/scpq.19.1.72.29409 · DOI
- Thorndike R. L., 1986, Technical manual: Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale
- 10.1016/j.paid.2003.09.004 · DOI
- 10.1037/1040-3590.15.2.149 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1207/s15327574ijt0402_1 · DOI
- 10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.123 · DOI
- Wechsler D., 1991, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd ed.): Manual
- Wechsler D., 2003, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th ed.): Technical and interpretive manual
- Wechsler D., 2008, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (4th ed.): Technical and interpretive manual
- Wolfle D., 1940, Factor analysis to 1940, Psychometric Monographs, 3
- 10.1177/073428299000800303 · DOI
- Woodcock R. W., 1989, Woodcock–Johnson Psychoeducational Battery–Revised: Tests of cognitive ability
- Woodcock R. W., 2001, Woodcock–Johnson III tests of cognitive abilities
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities
Flanagan, D. P., & Dixon, S. G. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese0431 · Cited by 225
Reynolds, M. R., & Keith, T. Z. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.02.005 · Cited by 80
Self-citationBeaujean, A. A., Parkin, J., & Parker, S. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0036745 · Cited by 50
Buczylowska, D., & Petermann, F. (2016) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acw005 · Cited by 34
Chen, H., Zhu, J., Liao, Y.-K., & Keith, T. Z. (2020) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282920930542 · Cited by 8
Self-citationSingh, L. J., Floyd, R. G., Reynolds, M. R., Pike, N. M., & Huenergarde, M. C. (2025) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2024.2357376 · Cited by 4
Self-citationHendrycks, D., Song, D., Szegedy, C., Lee, H., Gal, Y., Brynjolfsson, E., Li, S., Zou, A., Levine, L., Han, B., et al. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.18212 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Keith, T. Z., & Reynolds, M. R.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keith, Timothy Z.
- ORCID
- Reynolds, Matthew R.
- Venue
- Psychology in the Schools
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-06-08
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 635-650
- ISSN
- 0033-3085 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6807
- OpenAlex
- W2014147564
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology in the Schools (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory, intelligence tests, factor structure of intelligence, general intelligence, memory factors, factor retention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review