Synergistic Comprehensive Activation Methods for Dual‐Modality PDT and Hypoxia‐Triggered Chemotherapy Guided by NIR‐II Imaging beyond 1700 nm in Deep Tumors
Open accessAbstract
Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds great promise for applications in cancer treatment, it has limited effectiveness against deep hypoxic tumors. Moreover, the lack of visualization guidance for precision theranostics poses additional challenges, hindering its broader clinical adoption. By combining NIR‐IIc (1800 nm) imaging guidance with internally and externally activatable dual‐modality PDT and hypoxia‐triggered chemotherapy, this study proposes a conceptual framework to overcome these limitations. This approach involves the use of photoswitchable lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles featuring Tm 3+‐activated upconversion/downshifting emissions coupled with carboxyl‐terminated Ir(III) complex‐based Type I/II photosensitizer to form a nanophotosensitizer. The findings demonstrate that this system enabled NIR‐IIc imaging guidance upon 808/980 nm excitation while selectively activating external PDT under 980 nm irradiation, thereby ensuring accurate therapy and minimizing phototoxicity risk. The Ir(III) complex conjugates with luminol to form a self‐illuminating Type I/II photosensitizer, which can respond to the elevated H 2 O 2 levels in the tumor microenvironment, effectively catalyzing chemiluminescence‐assisted PDT. Moreover, PDT aggravates tumor hypoxia, which in turn activates the hypoxia‐activatable prodrugs like tirapazamine, resulting in a synergistic antitumor effect. With NIR‐IIc imaging‐guided dual‐modality PDT, this study introduces a groundbreaking approach that unites Type I/II PDT with chemotherapy, significantly advancing the precise and effective treatment of deep hypoxic tumors.
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Biomedical application of metal complexes is hindered by a reliance on high-energy, short-wavelength excitation, leading to phototoxicity and poor tissue penetration.
“Nevertheless, their biomedical application is hindered by a reliance on high-energy, short-wavelength excitation, which leads to phototoxicity and poor tissue penetration.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [198]
The Introduction says most clinical photosensitizers are activated by UV–visible light, which is attenuated in tissue, and that traditional photosensitizer-based imaging risks photosensitive toxicity. The Results and Discussion describe an Ir(III) complex photosensitizer, but the paper does not establish that metal complexes generally rely on short-wavelength excitation or that such excitation causes the toxicity it describes. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMetal complexes are promising photofunctional materials due to superior photostability, large Stokes shifts, and high emission quantum yields compared to organic chromophores.
“Metal complexes are promising photofunctional materials due to their superior photostability, large Stokes shifts, and high emission quantum yields compared to organic chromophores”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [198]
The Results and Discussion describes an Ir(III) complex used as a photosensitizer that emits fluorescence and generates reactive oxygen species, supporting its photofunctional use. It does not establish superior photostability, large Stokes shifts, or higher emission quantum yields relative to organic chromophores; searches for those properties and that comparison found no supporting passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics
Xiang, D., Wang, Z., Zheng, H., Tang, Y., & Li, Q. (2026) · Light: Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-026-02212-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Chen, H., Liu, S., Wang, W., Long, F., Li, Q., Gan, D., Li, X., Li, B., Kong, X., Li, D., & Chang, Y.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District Shenyang Liaoning 110016 P. R. China
- First Hospital of Jilin University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Yulei
- Venue
- Small
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-04-08
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- e2500553-e2500553
- ISSN
- 1613-6810 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-6829
- OpenAlex
- W4409307870
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Small (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M741350, 2023M733432)
- Changchun Science and Technology Bureau (23GZZ06)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (62075217, 62475262, 62305329, 22172154, 12404496)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA0715603)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, NIR-II imaging, lanthanide-doped nanoparticles, tirapazamine, chemodynamic therapy, image-guided therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Infrared Rays, Neoplasms, Photochemotherapy, Photosensitizing Agents, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Nanoparticles, Tumor Microenvironment
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