Perfecting and extending the near-infrared imaging window
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Abstract
In vivo fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) has been considered as a promising technique for visualizing mammals. However, the definition of the NIR-II region and the mechanism accounting for the excellent performance still need to be perfected. Herein, we simulate the photon propagation in the NIR region (to 2340 nm), confirm the positive contribution of moderate light absorption by water in intravital imaging and perfect the NIR-II window as 900–1880 nm, where 1400–1500 and 1700–1880 nm are defined as NIR-IIx and NIR-IIc regions, respectively. Moreover, 2080–2340 nm is newly proposed as the third near-infrared (NIR-III) window, which is believed to provide the best imaging quality. The wide-field fluorescence microscopy in the brain is performed around the NIR-IIx region, with excellent optical sectioning strength and the largest imaging depth of intravital NIR-II fluorescence microscopy to date. We also propose 1400 nm long-pass detection in off-peak NIR-II imaging whose performance exceeds that of NIR-IIb imaging, using bright fluorophores with short emission wavelength.
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NIR-II light experiences significantly reduced absorption and scattering upon interaction with biological tissues.
“Crucially, upon interaction with biological tissues, NIR-II light experiences significantly reduced absorption and scattering38.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
The Introduction and Discussion describe reduced photon scattering at NIR-II wavelengths. But the Results and Discussion show that absorption varies across the window, including substantial water-absorption peaks; they do not support a general claim that NIR-II light also experiences significantly reduced absorption in biological tissue. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNIR-II fluorophores have deep-tissue penetration, reduced tissue autofluorescence, and low phototoxicity.
“Near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorophores possess transformative potential for biomedical applications, owing to their deep-tissue penetration, reduced tissue autofluorescence, and low phototoxicity.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
The Introduction and Results section on large-depth tomography describe NIR-II imaging of deep tissue, including brain imaging to approximately 800 μm. The Introduction identifies tissue autofluorescence as background but does not say NIR-II reduces it. The Discussion warns that excitation light can cause photothermal damage, so the copy does not establish low phototoxicity as a general property of NIR-II fluorophores. Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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“Crucially, upon interaction with biological tissues, NIR-II light experiences signi fi cantly reduced absorption and scattering 38 .”
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- Authors
- Feng, Z., Tang, T., Wu, T., Yu, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Zheng, J., Ying, Y., Chen, S., Zhou, J., Fan, X., Zhang, D., Li, S., Zhang, M., & Qian, J.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instruments (CN)
- Wuhan University of Technology (CN)
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University (CN)
- Soochow University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Mingxi
- Qian, Jun
- ORCID
- Venue
- Light: Science & Applications
- Published
- 2021-09-24
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 197-197
- ISSN
- 2047-7538 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8463572
- OpenAlex
- W3198921063
- Cited by
- 394
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 79 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 27.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Light Science & Applications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82001874, 21974104)
- Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LR17F050001)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Keywords
- NIR-II fluorescence imaging, water absorption, intravital imaging, wide-field fluorescence microscopy, neuroimaging, optical sectioning, imaging depth
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