Photodynamic therapy – mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modern and non-invasive form of therapy, used in the treatment of non-oncological diseases as well as cancers of various types and locations. It is based on the local or systemic application of a photosensitive compound - the photosensitizer, which is accumulated in pathological tissues. The photosensitizer molecules absorb the light of the appropriate wavelength, initiating the activation processes leading to the selective destruction of the inappropriate cells. The photocytotoxic reactions occur only within the pathological tissues, in the area of photosensitizer distribution, enabling selective destruction. Over the last decade, a significant acceleration in the development of nanotechnology has been observed. The combination of photosensitizers with nanomaterials can improve the photodynamic therapy efficiency and eliminate its side effects as well. The use of nanoparticles enables achievement a targeted method which is focused on specific receptors, and, as a result, increases the selectivity of the photodynamic therapy. The object of this review is the anticancer application of PDT, its advantages and possible modifications to potentiate its effects.
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PDT produces ROS that induce tumor cell death by stimulating photosensitizers with specific wavelengths of therapeutic light.
“PDT can produce ROS that induce tumor cell death by stimulating photosensitizers with specific wavelengths of therapeutic light [101–103].”
From Nanosensitizer-assisted sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
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Type I AIE photosensitizers: Mechanism and application
Li, J., Zhuang, Z., Zhao, Z., & Tang, B. Z. (2021) · Open Research (University of Surrey) · doi:10.1002/viw.20200121 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Recent progress in the development of organometallics for the treatment of cancer
Murray, B. S., & Dyson, P. J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.11.001 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“photosensitizers involves the photocatalytic generation of HO2 or O2 from O2 (Type I mechanism) and generation of (1)O2 from (3)O2 (Type II mechanism) in endothelial cells, which close the blood vessels around the tumor via oxidative damage to cut off the supply of nutrients [30], whereas [Ir(ttpy)(pq)Cl] functions in…”
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“In addition, PDT is an emerging non-invasive treatment modus, which consists of three components: photosensitizer, light and radical oxygen singlet (ROS) [22, 23].”
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“, liposomes micelles, nanoparticles) [12,15,16].”
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Lighting the Path: Light Delivery Strategies to Activate Photoresponsive Biomaterials In Vivo
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“Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the application of photosensitizing drugs and laser activation to treat tumors [180].”
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Advances in Medicine: Photodynamic Therapy
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“Below (Table 1) is a collection of the most popular photosensitizers, including their clinical use and manufacturer [27–36].”
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UV Radiation in DNA Damage and Repair Involving DNA-Photolyases and Cryptochromes
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“Porphyrins (Figure 1) are well-known photosensitizers in medicine, and their ability to generate ROS underlies the photodynamic cancer therapy [15].”
Background
- Authors
- Kwiatkowski, S., Knap, B., Przystupski, D., Saczko, J., Kędzierska, E., Knap-Czop, K., Kotlińska, J., Michel, O., Kotowski, K., & Kulbacka, J.
- Affiliations
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Medical University of Lublin (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Kulbacka, Julita
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 106
- Pages
- 1098-1107
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2884145325
- Cited by
- 2,173
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 192 · 2025: 360 · 2024: 404 · 2023: 362 · 2022: 340 · 2021: 272 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 22.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Slaskich we Wroclawiu
- Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie
- Servier
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers, photocytotoxicity, targeted drug delivery, nanoparticles, nanomaterials, combination therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drug Carriers, Humans, Neoplasms, Photochemotherapy, Drug Delivery Systems, Photosensitizing Agents, Nanomedicine, Electrochemotherapy, Nanoparticles
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