Residual sodium dodecyl sulfate in decellularized muscle matrices leads to fibroblast activation in vitro and foreign body response in vivo
Abstract
Detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are commonly used to extract cells from tissues in a process called "decellularization". Residual SDS is difficult to completely remove and may lead to an undesirable host response towards an implanted biomaterial. In this study, we developed a modification for SDS cell extraction from muscle equally efficient to previous methods but leading to significantly less residual SDS remnants in the matrices. Muscle-derived matrices were prepared via 2 SDS-based decellularization methods, which led to removal of either 81.4% or 98.4% of the SDS. In vitro, matrices were seeded with thp1 macrophages and primary human foreskin fibroblasts. By Day 2, both matrices demonstrated similar macrophage polarization; however, fibroblasts cultured on matrices with greater residual SDS expressed higher levels of mRNA associated with fibroblast activation: α-smooth muscle actin and connective tissue growth factor. In vivo, Collagen I gels spiked with increasing concentrations of SDS displayed a corresponding decrease in cell infiltration when implanted subcutaneously in rats after 4 days. Finally, as a model for muscle regeneration, matrices produced by each method were implanted in rat latissimus dorsi defects. At POD 30 greater levels of IL-1β mRNA were present in defects treated with matrices containing higher levels of SDS, indicating a more severe inflammatory response. Although matrices containing higher levels of residual SDS became encapsulated by POD 30 and showed evidence of a foreign body response, matrices with the lower levels of SDS integrated into the defect area with lower levels of inflammatory and fibrosis-related gene expression.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Retention of chemicals such as SDS has been reported to promote inflammation and foreign body reactions.
“Moreover, retention of chemicals such as SDS has been reported to promote inflammation and foreign body reactions [92,186].”
From Liver tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds: Current progress, challenges, and opportunities (2024) · cites this paper as [92]
Cytotoxic effects of remaining SDS for recellularization and regeneration partially explain the inflammatory/FBR reaction to retained SDS.
“This reaction is partially explained by the cytotoxic effects of remaining SDS for the recellularization and regeneration process [88, 89].”
From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [89]
Retention of SDS within decellularized tissues promotes inflammation and FBR following implantation.
“However, retention of SDS within decellularized tissues promotes inflammation and FBR following implantation.”
From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [89]
Terminal CaCl2 co-treatment could be exploited to detoxify remaining SDS via precipitation.
“Terminal CaCl2 co-treatment could be exploited to detoxify the remaining SDS via precipitation [89].”
From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [89]
Cites
An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes
Crapo, P. M., Gilbert, T. W., & Badylak, S. F. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057 · Cited by 3,591 · see citing works
Decellularization of tissues and organs
Gilbert, T. W., Sellaro, T. L., & Badylak, S. F. (2006) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.02.014 · Cited by 2,222 · see citing works
Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases
Wynn, T. A. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci31487 · Cited by 1,451 · see citing works
Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Expression Upregulates Fibroblast Contractile Activity
Hinz, B., Celetta, G., Tomasek, J. J., Gabbiani, G., & Chaponnier, C. (2001) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.12.9.2730 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
Brown, B. N., Londono, R., Tottey, S., Zhang, L., Kukla, K. A., Wolf, M. T., Daly, K. A., Reing, J. E., & Badylak, S. F. (2012) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.11.031 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
The myofibroblast: Paradigm for a mechanically active cell
Hinz, B. (2009) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.020 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Proangiogenic scaffolds as functional templates for cardiac tissue engineering
Madden, L. R., Mortisen, D. J., Sussman, E. M., Dupras, S. K., Fugate, J. A., Cuy, J. L., Hauch, K. D., Laflamme, M. A., Murry, C. E., & Ratner, B. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006442107 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Extracellular matrix-based biomaterial scaffolds and the host response
Aamodt, J. M., & Grainger, D. W. (2016) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.003 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Liao, J., Joyce, E. M., & Sacks, M. S. (2007) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.007 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
The impact of detergents on the tissue decellularization process: A ToF-SIMS study
White, L. J., Taylor, A. J., Faulk, D. M., Keane, T. J., Saldin, L. T., Reing, J. E., Swinehart, I. T., Turner, N. J., Ratner, B. D., & Badylak, S. F. (2017) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.033 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Leask, A., & Abraham, D. (2003) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/o03-069 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Extraction techniques for the decellularization of tissue engineered articular cartilage constructs
Elder, B. D., Eleswarapu, S. V., & Athanasiou, K. A. (2009) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.050 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Localized Immunosuppressive Environment in the Foreign Body Response to Implanted Biomaterials
Higgins, D. M., Basaraba, R. J., Hohnbaum, A. C., Lee, E. J., Grainger, D. W., & Juarrero, M. G. (2009) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080962 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Ward, W. K., Slobodzian, E. P., Tiekotter, K. L., & Wood, M. D. (2002) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00160-6 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Gratzer, P. F., Harrison, R. D., & Woods, T. (2006) · Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1089/ten.2006.12.2975 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Kawecki, M., Łabuś, W., Klama‐Baryła, A., Kitala, D., Kraut, M., Glik, J., Misiuga, M., Nowak, M., Bielecki, T., & Kasperczyk, A. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33865 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Uzarski, J. S., DiVito, M. D., Wertheim, J. A., & Miller, W. M. (2017) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.015 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationNassiri, S., Zakeri, I., Weingarten, M. S., & Spiller, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2015.30 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Butler, C. R., Hynds, R. E., Crowley, C., Gowers, K. H. C., Partington, L., Hamilton, N. J., Carvalho, C., Platé, M., Samuel, E. R., Burns, A. J., et al. (2017) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.001 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Newby, C. S., Barr, R. M., Greaves, M. W., & Mallet, A. I. (2000) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00056.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Greaves, P., Chouinard, L., Ernst, H., Mecklenburg, L., Pruimboom‐Brees, I., Rinke, M., Rittinghausen, S., Thibault, S., von Erichsen, J., & Yoshida, T. (2013) · Journal of Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1293/tox.26.1s · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Schenk, M., Fabri, M., Krutzik, S. R., Lee, D. J., Vu, D. M., Sieling, P. A., Montoya, D. J., Liu, P. T., & Modlin, R. L. (2013) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12167 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Chen, X. K., & Walters, J. (2013) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2013.07.037 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Response of human macrophages to wound matrices in vitro
Witherel, C. E., Graney, P. L., Freytes, D. O., Weingarten, M. S., & Spiller, K. L. (2016) · Wound Repair and Regeneration · doi:10.1111/wrr.12423 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Xu, K., Kuntz, L. A., Foehr, P., Kuempel, K., Wagner, A. E., Tuebel, J., von Deimling, C., & Burgkart, R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171577 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Surfactant precipitation and redissolution in brine
Chou, S. I., & Bae, J. H. (1983) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/0021-9797(83)90021-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ölschläger, V., Schrader, A., & Hockertz, S. (2011) · Arzneimittelforschung · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1296378 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Miscibility of calcium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the adsorbed film and aggregates
Iyota, H., Tomimitsu, T., & Aratono, M. (2010) · Colloid & Polymer Science · doi:10.1007/s00396-010-2263-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Early infiltration of p40IL12+CCR7+CD11b+cells is critical for fibrosis development
Braga, T. T., Corrêa-Costa, M., de Azevedo, H. F. Z., Silva, R. C., Cruz, M. C., de Almeida, M. E. S., Hiyane, M. I., Moreira‐Filho, C. A., dos Santos, M. F., Perez, K. R., et al. (2016) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.114 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chung, N. M., Marshall, C. M., Leyden, J. J., Lavker, R. M., Jensen, P. J., & Risse, B. C. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01428.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kasravi, M., Ahmadi, A., Babajani, A., Mazloomnejad, R., Hatamnejad, M. R., Shariatzadeh, S., Bahrami, S., & Niknejad, H. (2023) · Biomaterials Research · doi:10.1186/s40824-023-00348-z · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Preparation and Use of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering
McInnes, A. D., Moser, M., & Chen, D. (2022) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb13040240 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Optimizing Methods for Bovine Dental Pulp Decellularization
Bakhtiar, H., Rajabi, S., Pezeshki-Modaress, M., Ellini, M. R., Panahinia, M., Alijani, S., Mazidi, A., Kamali, A., Azarpazhooh, A., & Kishen, A. (2020) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2020.08.027 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Trevisan, C., Maghin, E., Dedja, A., Caccin, P., de Cesare, N., Franzin, C., Boso, D., Pesce, P., Caicci, F., Boldrin, F., et al. (2019) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Decellularized Extracellular Matrices for Skin Wound Treatment
Liang, R., Pan, R. L., He, L., Dai, Y., Jiang, Y., He, S., Li, B., & Li, Y. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18122752 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Yuan, S., Yang, X., Wang, X., Chen, J., Tian, W., & Yang, B. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242417483 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hussein, K. H., Ahmadzada, B., Correa, J. C., Sultan, A., Wilken, S., Amiot, B., & Nyberg, S. L. (2024) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.06.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Although chemical agents play a key role in the decellularization and removal of the immunogenic materials from the decellularized tissues, they may cause ECM damage and affect the biocompatibility of the yielded decellularized tissues [5,7,90 – 92].”
BackgroundMethodFernández‐Pérez, J., Madden, P. W., Brady, R. T., Nowlan, P., & Ahearne, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245406 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, T., Kumari, M., Kaur, K., Kaity, S., Arumugam, S., Ravichandiran, V., & Roy, S. (2024) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d4tb00680a · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Generation of vascular chimerism within donor organs
Cohen, S., Partouche, S., Gurevich, M., Tennak, V., Mezhybovsky, V., Azarov, D., Soffer‐Hirschberg, S., Hovav, B., Niv-Drori, H., Weiss, C., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92823-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Shevchuk, O. I., Korcheva, V., Moskalenko, N. S., Kyryk, V. M., Kot, K., & Krasnienkov, D. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1621641 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Naso, F., & Gandaglia, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.830899 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A decellularized and sterilized human meniscus allograft for off‐the‐shelf meniscus replacement
Spierings, J., Velthuijs, W., Mansoor, A., Bertrand, M. E., Uquillas, J. A., Ito, K., Janssen, R. P. A., & Foolen, J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics · doi:10.1186/s40634-022-00555-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kang, H., Han, Y., Jin, M., Zheng, L., Liu, Z., Xue, Y., Liu, Z., & Li, C. (2023) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.10531 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Naik, A., Griffin, M., Szarko, M., & Butler, P. E. M. (2019) · Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.1002/term.2910 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ex vivo organ engineering using decellularized tissue scaffolds
Saleh, T., Caciolli, L., Giobbe, G. G., & Coppi, P. D. (2025) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-025-00322-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Biocompatibility of decellularized spinach leaves
Gershlak, J. R., Burgess, C. K., Fontana, G., Perreault, L. R., Thyden, R., Shrem, L. A., dos Santos, A., Weathers, P. J., Dominko, T., Murphy, W. L., et al. (2025) · npj Biomedical Innovations. · doi:10.1038/s44385-025-00028-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Data, K., Kulus, M., Ziemak, H., Chwarzyński, M., Piotrowska‐Kempisty, H., Bukowska, D., Antosik, P., Mozdziak, P. E., & Kempisty, B. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12182293 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shahin‐Shamsabadi, A., & Cappuccitti, J. (2025) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2025.05.024 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reconstruction of the human nipple–areolar complex: a tissue engineering approach
Maistriaux, L., Foulon, V., Fievé, L., Xhema, D., Evrard, R., Manon, J., Coyette, M., Bouzin, C., Poumay, Y., Gianello, P., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1295075 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Momen, L. T., Abdolmaleki, A., Asadi, A., & Zahri, S. (2023) · Cell and Tissue Banking · doi:10.1007/s10561-023-10109-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Iyer, H., Lanier, S. T., Dolivo, D., Arenas, G. A., Hong, S. J., Mustoe, T. A., & Galiano, R. D. (2020) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000006922 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMusculoskeletal tissue engineering
Lal, L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824064-9.00024-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Young, M. W., Dolivo, D., Hong, S. J., Iyer, H., Mustoe, T. A., & Galiano, R. D. (2020) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000007093 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of decellularization processes on the immune response and compatibility of tissues
Nochalabadi, A., Khazaei, M., Zamani, S., & Rezakhani, L. (2025) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2025.103135 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Feng, H., Yu, X., Zhang, G., Yuan, Z., Al‐Enizi, A. M., Qin, C. X., El-Newehy, M. H., & Mo, X. (2025) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1093/burnst/tkaf078 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Andreas, M. N., Böhm, A. K., Tang, P., Moosburner, S., Klein, O., Daneshgar, A., Gassner, J. M. G. V., Raschzok, N., Haderer, L., Wulsten, D., et al. (2023) · Biomaterials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213493 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bebiano, L. B., Presa, R., Silva, I. V., Oliveira, A. L., Costa, J. B., & Pereira, R. F. (2023) · Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine · doi:10.2217/3dp-2023-0011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Decellularization Methods of Ovary in Tissue Engineering
Campo, H., López-Martínez, S., & Cervelló, I. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82735-9_11 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hennion, I., Philips, C., Jiang, C., Winkel, N. V. D., Ceulemans, L. J., & Thorrez, L. (2025) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.70009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tissue Engineering for the Diaphragm and its Various Therapeutic Possibilities – A Systematic Review
Böhm, A. K., Hillebrandt, K. H., Dziodzio, T., Krenzien, F., Neudecker, J., Spuler, S., Pratschke, J., Sauer, I. M., & Andreas, M. N. (2022) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202100247 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Decellularisation Process for Developing an Osteogenic Periosteum Membrane In Vitro
Remmani, N. B., Gopalakrishnan, A. R. K., Alzaidy, R. Q., Abdulrahman, A. S., Darwish, S. M., Jawad, M. A., & Samsudin, A. R. (2025) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2025.100869 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Strategies for decellularization, re-cellularization and crosslinking in liver bioengineering
Wang, J., & Jin, X. (2024) · The International Journal of Artificial Organs · doi:10.1177/03913988231218566 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Demirci, E. A., Önder, S., Acar, T., Sunar, Z. S., & Köse, G. T. (2025) · Biomaterials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214515 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zvyagina, A. I., Minaychev, V. V., Kobyakova, M. I., Lomovskaya, Y. V., Сенотов, А. С., Pyatina, K. V., Акатов, В. С., Фадеев, Р. С., & Fadeeva, I. S. (2023) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics8040357 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-Based Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
French, K. M., & Davis, M. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20047-3_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Garcia, A. G., Prithiviraj, S., Raina, D. B., Schmidt, T., Antón, S. G., Cajal, L. R., Gil, D. H., Tägil, M., Wittsten, A. H., Dahlgren, M. W., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2507185123 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pancreatic tissue engineering: towards a vascularized bioengineered cure for diabetes
Park, J., Olawuyi, K., Jikaria, N. R., Dawes, J. S., Dabsha, I. E., Dick, A. A., & Ravnic, D. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Transplantation · doi:10.3389/frtra.2026.1768497 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tosca, M. C., Turi, S., Lim, D., Modena, A., Bertania, E., Bari, E., Segale, L., Giovannelli, L., Miletto, I., Renzulli, I. R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108673 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shahin‐Shamsabadi, A., & Cappuccitti, J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.15.628541 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Garcia, A. G., Prithiviraj, S., Raina, D. B., Schmidt, T., Antón, S. G., Cajal, L. R., Gil, D. H., Kahn, R., Tägil, M., & Bourgine, P. E. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632347 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development of sterilisation strategies for decellularised peripheral nerve grafts
Holland, J. D. R. (2019) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Partial Decellularization as a Method to Improve the Biocompatibility of Heart Tissue Implants.
Meșină, M., Mîndrilă, I., Meşină-Botoran, M. I., Mîndrilă, L. A., & Pirici, I. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.12865/chsj.49.03.07
Innovative Herbal‐Based Decellularization of Pericardium for Advanced Polymeric Skin Substitutes
Nochalabadi, A., Khazaei, M., Kadivarian, S., & Rezakhani, L. (2026) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.70087
A Method for Fabricating Long Decellularized Scaffolds from Skeletal Muscle
Cordelle, M. Z., Biasi, G., Snelling, S. J. B., & Mouthuy, P. (2026) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1177/19373384261463762
Bertania, E., Modena, A., Rinaldi, M., Tosca, M. C., Miletto, I., Lim, D., Renzulli, I. R., Balderacchi, A. M., Ferrarotti, I., Corsico, A. G., et al. (2026) · Biomaterials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.215193
- Authors
- Friedrich, E. E., Lanier, S. T., Niknam‐Bienia, S., Arenas, G. A., Rajendran, D., Wertheim, J. A., & Galiano, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Friedrich, Emily E.
- Galiano, Robert D.
- Venue
- Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-12-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e1704-e1715
- ISSN
- 1932-6254 (ISSN-L)
- 1932-7005
- OpenAlex
- W2766465091
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Medicine (W81XWH‐14‐2‐0004)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- sodium dodecyl sulfate, decellularization, fibroblast activation, foreign body reaction, macrophage polarization, collagen I gel, muscle regeneration, inflammation, IL-1β, alpha-smooth muscle actin, connective tissue growth factor, biomaterial implantation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Collagen, DNA, Extracellular Matrix, Fibroblasts, Foreign-Body Reaction, Gels, Humans, Macrophages, Muscles, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Biomarkers, Cell Polarity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Tissue Scaffolds, Myofibroblasts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
