Cited by 509Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineBone Tissue Engineering MaterialsCollagen: Extraction and Characterization

Extracellular matrix-based biomaterial scaffolds and the host response

Open access
Aamodt, Joseph M., Grainger, David W.·2016·Biomaterials

Abstract

Extracellular matrix (ECM) collectively represents a class of naturally derived proteinaceous biomaterials purified from harvested organs and tissues with increasing scientific focus and utility in tissue engineering and repair. This interest stems predominantly from the largely unproven concept that processed ECM biomaterials as natural tissue-derived matrices better integrate with host tissue than purely synthetic biomaterials. Nearly every tissue type has been decellularized and processed for re-use as tissue-derived ECM protein implants and scaffolds. To date, however, little consensus exists for defining ECM compositions or sources that best constitute decellularized biomaterials that might better heal, integrate with host tissues and avoid the foreign body response (FBR). Metrics used to assess ECM performance in biomaterial implants are arbitrary and contextually specific by convention. Few comparisons for in vivo host responses to ECM implants from different sources are published. This review discusses current ECM-derived biomaterials characterization methods including relationships between ECM material compositions from different sources, properties and host tissue response as implants. Relevant preclinical in vivo models are compared along with their associated advantages and limitations, and the current state of various metrics used to define material integration and biocompatibility are discussed. Commonly applied applications of these ECM-derived biomaterials as stand-alone implanted matrices and devices are compared with respect to host tissue responses.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.003

Cites

199 of 199 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Upon transplantation of xenograft-derived scaffolds, innate host immune systems are activated to eliminate foreign materials.

    “upon transplantation of xenograft-derived scaffolds, innate host immune systems are activated to eliminate foreign materials12.”

    From Bioengineered liver crosslinked with nano-graphene oxide enables efficient liver regeneration via MMP suppression and immunomodulation (2023) · cites this paper as [12]

    The “Initial Host Tissue Responses to Implants” section says implanted materials trigger inflammation involving macrophages, supporting activation of a host response. But it describes that response as often persisting while the implant remains, not as necessarily eliminating it. The “Inflammatory ECM proteins” section identifies particular rejection risks for xenogeneic materials and says the conditions for implant rejection remain unverified. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Chemical resistance of NGO-crosslinked scaffolds against enzyme-mediated disruption was demonstrated by treatment with MMPs.

    “Next, the chemical resistance of the NGO-crosslinked scaffolds against enzyme-mediated disruption was demonstrated by treatment with MMPs that primarily control the proteolysis of the ECM components upon transplantation12,52.”

    From Bioengineered liver crosslinked with nano-graphene oxide enables efficient liver regeneration via MMP suppression and immunomodulation (2023) · cites this paper as [12]

    The “Crosslinked Protein Implants and the FBR” section says MMPs remodel collagen and that chemical crosslinking may affect their activity, potentially delaying degradation of implanted collagen. It does not report treatment of NGO-crosslinked scaffolds with MMPs or demonstrate their chemical resistance. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Incomplete removal of cell components during decellularization may provoke severe post-implantation immune responses.

    “However, incomplete removal of cell components during the decellularization process may provoke severe post-implantation immune responses [51, 52].”
  • Circulating monocytes are recruited into tissues and differentiated into macrophages, which dictate inflammatory responses and tissue remodeling in implants.

    “circulating monocytes are also recruited into the tissues and differentiated into macrophages, which dictate both inflammatory responses and tissue remodeling in the implants12,15.”
  • Complete removal of cellular materials necessitates robust decellularization, which may damage ECM ultrastructure and deplete favorable entities, with detrimental effects on scaffold function and regenerative properties.

    “On the flip side, the complete removal of cellular materials necessitates the application of robust decellularization, which may accompany unwanted consequences. Such protocols damage ECM ultrastructure and deplete favorable entities that consequently have detrimental effects on yielded scaffold function and regenerative properties [51, 52].”

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Cites

1 retracted

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [25]Harbers GM Grainger DW Cell-material interactions: fundamental design issues for tissue engineering and clinical considerations CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 2005
  2. [57]Friess W Collagen – biomaterial for drug delivery 1 European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 1998 45 113 36 9704909
  3. [118]Elder BD Eleswarapu SV Athanasiou KA Extraction techniques for the decellularization of tissue engineered articular cartilage constructs Biomaterials 2009 30 3749 56 19395023 PMC2743309

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Authors
Aamodt, J. M., & Grainger, D. W.
Affiliations
University of Utah (US)
Corresponding author
Grainger, David W.
Venue
Biomaterials
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-04
Volume
86
Pages
68-82
ISSN
0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2252889477
Cited by
509
References
199
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 9
FWCI
7.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
NIH (EB011879)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Collagen: Extraction and Characterization
Keywords
extracellular matrix, tissue engineering scaffolds, host tissue response, foreign body reaction, biocompatibility, biomaterial integration, ECM composition
MeSH terms
Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Extracellular Matrix, Humans, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Scaffolds

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