Cited by 268Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineIon-surface interactions and analysisBone Tissue Engineering Materials

The impact of detergents on the tissue decellularization process: A ToF-SIMS study

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White, Lisa J., Taylor, Adam J., Faulk, Denver M., Keane, Timothy J., Saldin, Lindsey T., Reing, Janet E., Swinehart, Ilea T., Turner, Neill J. +2 more·2017·Acta Biomaterialia

Abstract

Biologic scaffolds are derived from mammalian tissues, which must be decellularized to remove cellular antigens that would otherwise incite an adverse immune response. Although widely used clinically, the optimum balance between cell removal and the disruption of matrix architecture and surface ligand landscape remains a considerable challenge. Here we describe the use of time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) to provide sensitive, molecular specific, localized analysis of detergent decellularized biologic scaffolds. We detected residual detergent fragments, specifically from Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in decellularized scaffolds; increased SDS concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% increased both the intensity of SDS fragments and adverse cell outcomes. We also identified cellular remnants, by detecting phosphate and phosphocholine ions in PAA and CHAPS decellularized scaffolds. The present study demonstrates ToF-SIMS is not only a powerful tool for characterization of biologic scaffold surface molecular functionality, but also enables sensitive assessment of decellularization efficacy.Statement of significance We report here on the use of a highly sensitive analytical technique, time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) to characterize detergent decellularized scaffolds. ToF-SIMS detected cellular remnants and residual detergent fragments; increased intensity of the detergent fragments correlated with adverse cell matrix interactions. This study demonstrates the importance of maintaining a balance between cell removal and detergent disruption of matrix architecture and matrix surface ligand landscape. This study also demonstrates the power of ToF-SIMS for the characterization of decellularized scaffolds and capability for assessment of decellularization efficacy. Future use of biologic scaffolds in clinical tissue reconstruction will benefit from the fundamental results described in this work.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.033

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  • Complete removal of cellular materials necessitates robust decellularization, which may damage ECM ultrastructure and deplete favorable entities, with detrimental effects on scaffold function and regenerative properties.

    “On the flip side, the complete removal of cellular materials necessitates the application of robust decellularization, which may accompany unwanted consequences. Such protocols damage ECM ultrastructure and deplete favorable entities that consequently have detrimental effects on yielded scaffold function and regenerative properties [51, 52].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [51]

    The Introduction describes a trade-off between removing cellular material and preserving ECM architecture; it explicitly says complete removal of all cell remnants is not possible. The Discussion supports the remaining point: excessive damage to ECM ultrastructure, growth factors, and critical components can adversely affect cytocompatibility and functional tissue replacement. The claim is supported as a warning about thorough decellularization, but its premise of complete removal lacks that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • TX100 effects are mainly dependent on its concentration; higher TX100 concentrations cause unfavorable effects on ECM.

    “TX100 effects are mainly dependent on its concentration. Higher TX100 concentrations will cause unfavorable effects on ECM [51, 83].”

    From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [51]

    The Results (§3.5; page unavailable) report that urothelial cells on Triton X-100-treated scaffolds did not form tight junctions, which supports a limited adverse effect. But the paper does not establish that Triton X-100 effects are mainly concentration-dependent or that higher concentrations worsen ECM outcomes. Its concentration-dependent findings concern SDS; Results (§3.2) report that scaffolds treated with 3% Triton X-100 retained an intricate fibre network. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Incomplete removal of cell components during decellularization may provoke severe post-implantation immune responses.

    “However, incomplete removal of cell components during the decellularization process may provoke severe post-implantation immune responses [51, 52].”
  • ECM alterations impede subsequent recellularization and consequently increase availability of present antigenic sites for the host immune system.

    “The second mechanism is related to the ECM alterations, which impede subsequent recellularization [51] and consequently increase the availability of present antigenic sites for the host immune system [64].”
  • Ionic detergents may alter ECM architecture and disrupt structure of protein constituents, including collagens.

    “However, they may alter ECM architecture and disrupt the structure of protein constituents, including collagens [51].”

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Authors
White, L. J., Taylor, A. J., Faulk, D. M., Keane, T. J., Saldin, L. T., Reing, J. E., Swinehart, I. T., Turner, N. J., Ratner, B. D., & Badylak, S. F.
Affiliations
  • University of Nottingham (GB)
  • University of Washington (US)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author
Badylak, Stephen F .
Venue
Acta Biomaterialia
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-03
Volume
50
Pages
207-219
ISSN
1742-7061 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2561109298
Cited by
268
References
76
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10
FWCI
17.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Acta Biomaterialia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
  • NIH (EB-002027)
  • Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship (624841)
  • NSF Graduate Research Fellowships
  • NIH T32 fellowship (T32 EB001026)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Ion-surface interactions and analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
Keywords
biological scaffolds, Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, phosphorylcholine, tissue reconstruction
MeSH terms
Animals, Urinary Bladder, Detergents, Extracellular Matrix, Swine

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