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Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder in the ICD‐11
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to support it.However, these factors must be considered when deciding what is immediately implementable, versus that which requires a supportive framework which has yet to be created.All digital health research and claims are informative.Some offer immediate solutions to health care that should be implemented today and others highlight the potential of what may be possible.However, blurring the line between actual and aspirational can be counterproductive.Claiming that aspirational digital health research is ready for immediate use can lead to immediate negative results and broad disappointment.It may even inadvertently contribute to digital health "hype" and foster undue skepticism for the field.However, ignoring digital health technologies with good evidence for real-world implementation is a missed opportunity for improving patient outcomes.Appreciating how aspirational research can guide, inform, and inspire current efforts is also important.Likewise, appreciating the real world success of actualized efforts can help guide aspirational research to be more translatable into health care systems.There is no superior designation, as both ends of the actual and aspirational spectrum have critical roles that cannot be separated.However, the value of both depends upon correct identification of where any given project lies on this spectrum -and further consideration of populations sampled and incentives used are critical to determining this.
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“Studies refer to SA/CSB as excessive, compulsive and uncontrollable sexual behaviour accompanied by sexual preoccupations and fantasies, mental discomfort, escalation and functional impairment, all of which are consistent with the findings of this research (Carnes, 2000;Grubbs et al., 2019;Kraus et al., 2018).”
From The Lived Experiences and Well-Being of Female Partners Following Discovery or Disclosure of Their Male Partner’s Compulsive Sexual Behaviours: An Australian Phenomenological Study (2025) · cites this paper as Kraus et al., 2018
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“the ICD-11 guidelines describe CSBD as characterized by “a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour” ([2], p. 109) over an extended period.”
From Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
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“To avoid overpathologizing individually unacceptable, socially unacceptable, or high-frequency sexual behavior, a restriction was added to the diagnostic requirements that one’s distress should not be exclusively related to moral judgment or social disapproval.2,26”
From Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a sexual medicine perspective (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
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“The WHO explicitly decided not to classify the new diagnostic category in the grouping of Disorders Due to Addictive Behaviours (i.e., with gambling disorder and gaming disorder), because the evidence was not considered to be strong enough to support this model 223,226 .”
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“These presentations were considered to meet the basic definition of a mental disorder 223,226 and to be associated with substantial suffering for which health services might reasonably be provided.”
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“The WHO has attempted to sidestep many of the controversies in the area while acknowledging the existence of a clinical population of individuals who feel unable to control their own sexual behaviour and as a result experience substantial distress and sometimes quite severely negative functional outcomes.”
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Citations
Cites
Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson Disease
Weintraub, D. A., Koester, J., Potenza, M. N., Siderowf, A. D., Stacy, M. A., Voon, V., Whetteckey, J., Wunderlich, G. R., & Lang, A. E. (2010) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.65 · Cited by 1,493
Self-citationShould compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction?
Kraus, S. W., Voon, V., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13297 · Cited by 402
Self-citationPsychiatric comorbidity and compulsive/impulsive traits in compulsive sexual behavior
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Epidemiology, Prevalence, and Natural History of Compulsive Sexual Behavior
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Impulse control disorders and “behavioural addictions” in the ICD-11
Grant, J. E., Atmaca, M., Fineberg, N. A., Fontenelle, L. F., Matsunaga, H., Janardhan Reddy, Y. C., Simpson, H. B., Thomsen, P. H., van den Heuvel, O. A., Veale, D., et al. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20115 · Cited by 227
Self-citationSelf-Reported Indicators of Hypersexuality and Its Correlates in a Female Online Sample
Klein, V., Rettenberger, M., & Briken, P. (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12602 · Cited by 128
Self-citationThe Roles of Shame and Guilt in Hypersexual Behavior
Gilliland, R., South, M., Carpenter, B. N., & Hardy, S. A. (2011) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2011.551182 · Cited by 127
Neurobiology of Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Emerging Science
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Items 201–300 of 510
Alidost, F., Zareiyan, A., Bőthe, B., & Farnam, F. (2022) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2022.2103759 · Cited by 11
“Still, some individuals may experience problematic pornography use (PPU); i.e., persistent patterns of uncontrollable pornography use despite significant distress and functional impairment (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, et al., 2020; Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundFuß, J., Keeley, J. W., Stein, D. J., Rebello, T. J., García, J., Briken, P., Robles, R., Matsumoto, C., Abé, C., Billieux, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00083 · Cited by 12
“Evidence to characterize CSBD as a behavioral addiction in the ICD-11 was considered insuf fi cient and it was thus classi fi ed as an impulse control disorder (Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDebates on Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder: A Call for Global and Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Bőthe, B., Potenza, M. N., & Demetrovics, Z. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-024-02836-2 · Cited by 14
Hypersexuality in neurological disorders: A systematic review
Tayim, N., Barbosa, P., & Panicker, J. N. (2024) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2024-300998 · Cited by 11
“7 However, despite the historical recognition and profound personal and societal implications of such disinhibited and deviant behaviours, the scientific study of abnormal sexuality secondary to neuropathology has received relatively limited attention compared with other neuropsychiatric domains.”
InfluentialEngelhardt, R., Maes, J., Way, B. M., Borgogna, N. C., & Kraus, S. W. (2025) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-025-00623-0 · Cited by 12
“Due to PPU being currently understood as a type of CSBD, defined as a “consistent pattern of failure to control intense repetitive sexual urges” [57, 67], associations with positive and negative urgency are consistent with construct validity.”
Self-citationCompulsive Sexual Behavior in HIV-Infected Men in a Community Based Sample, Russia
Chumakov, E. M., Петрова, Н. Н., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2019.1582379 · Cited by 11
“According the criteria for the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder proposed for ICD-11 (Kraus et al., 2018) CSB was found in 18 MSM and 7 MSW (29.5% and 12.1%, respectively, p¼ 0.020; OD ¼ 3.05; CI 95%: 1.17–7.99).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationYazdi, K., Fuchs, I., & Gerstgrasser, N. W. (2020) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000602 · Cited by 11
“Concerns about over-pathologizing of sexual behaviors are one possible explanation, which should be carefully addressed in the diagnostic guidelines (Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialFernandez, D. P., Kuss, D. J., Justice, L. V., Fernandez, E. F., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02519-w · Cited by 11
Sexual Orientation, Homophobic Attitudes, and Self-Perceived Pornography Addiction
Droubay, B. A., & White, A. (2023) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-023-00846-8 · Cited by 11
“…terms had been recognized by an official diagnostic body (in their own right 1 ) until recently, when the World Health Organization (WHO) included a new diagnosis, compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11; Kraus et al., 2018).”
Gibbons, I., Bernards, J. C., Bean, R. A., Young, B. C., & Wolfgramm, M. R. (2020) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2020.1848481 · Cited by 14
Psychometric Properties of the Problematic Pornography Use Scale in a Japanese Sample
Okabe, Y., & Ito, D. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02141-2 · Cited by 11
Limoncin, E., Ciocca, G., Castellini, G., Sansone, A., Cavalieri, F., Cavallo, F., Cocchiaro, T., Ricca, V., Lorenzo, G. D., Rossi, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-022-01798-3 · Cited by 12
“Hypersexuality is characterized by a recurrent lack of control of intense and repetitive sexual impulses, which causes distress or clinically significant disorders in important areas of functioning [5].”
BackgroundGrubbs, J. B., Perry, S. L., Wilt, J. A., & Reid, R. C. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-1406-9 · Cited by 11
Brem, M. J., Shorey, R. C., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01117-7 · Cited by 10
Gaudet, É., Teumeni, F. N., Popova, N., Coulombe, S., Demetrovics, Z., & Bőthe, B. (2025) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-025-00637-8 · Cited by 13
“…often making unsuccessful attempts to cut back, (3) engage in sexual activities despite negative consequences, (4) participate in sexual behavior even when it brings little or no satisfaction, and (5) experience significant distress or impairment in various areas of life and functioning [8–10].”
Wnuk, M., Krentzman, A., & Charzyńska, E. (2023) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01892-7 · Cited by 7
“…with CSBD exhibit distress or significant impairment in various important areas of functioning for six months or more due to a persistent pattern of failure to control intense and recurrent sexual impulses, urges, and/or thoughts, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior (Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe Motives for Solo Masturbation Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation
de Jong, D. C., & Adams, K. N. (2024) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2024.2391348 · Cited by 10
“Compulsion was assessed with items specifically addressing the feeling of being driven to mas-turbate despite trying to abstain, aligning with essential features of CSB disorder as described in the ICD-11 (Kraus et al., 2018).”
An Exploration on the Public Stigma of Sexual Addiction
Lindsay, B. L., Bernier, E. P., & Szeto, A. C. H. (2020) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2021.1904471 · Cited by 9
“While the addition of a form of sexual addiction to the manual is a step in the right direction for individuals in need of services to be able to access them (Kraus et al., 2018), debate about the validity of the inclusion of CSBD persists.”
BackgroundInfluentialLampalzer, U., Tozdan, S., von Franqué, F., & Briken, P. (2021) · Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100429 · Cited by 12
Self-citationvan Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. J. D. M. (2021) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes3010001 · Cited by 9
“However, the only officially accepted diagnosis for PH, the ICD-11 diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder [58], states in its guidelines that shame and guilt “are not reliably indicative of an underlying disorder” [58] (p.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKamolova, M., Chen, Y., Etuk, R., Sacco, S. J., & Kraus, S. W. (2022) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2022.2162652 · Cited by 10
“Prior research demonstrates that an increase in hypersexual and sensation seeking behaviors is associated with increased pornography viewing (e.g., Kraus et al., 2018; Peter & Valkenburg, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTurban, J. L., Passell, E. J., Scheuer, L., & Germine, L. T. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.03.020 · Cited by 11
“One possibility is that GNAs represent platforms through which CSBD manifests.(16) Alternatively, GNAs may drive CSBD.”
BackgroundThe Transdiagnostic Mechanisms of Behavioral Addictions and Their Treatment
Kim, H. S. A., & Hodgins, D. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_64 · Cited by 12
Personality dimensions of compulsive sexual behavior in the Sex@Brain study
Engel, J., Carstensen, M., Veit, M., Sinke, C., Kneer, J., Hartmann, U. H., & Krüger, T. H. C. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00029 · Cited by 11
“Kafka (2010) defined HD as an atheoretical term that is compatible with different etiological perspectives, such as Sexual Addiction (e.g. Carnes, 2010), or Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD, e.g. Kraus, 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReed, G. M., First, M. B., Kogan, C. S., Hyman, S. E., Gureje, O., Gaebel, W., Maj, M., Stein, D. J., Maercker, A., Tyrer, P., et al. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20611 · Cited by 765
Self-citationSprawność intelektualna osób o odmiennych chronotypach
Jankowski, K. S. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial10 · Cited by 8
Inteligencja a funkcjonowanie w bliskich związkach
Leniarska, M., & Zajenkowski, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial11 · Cited by 8
Inteligencja a agresja. Czy wysokie IQ może uchronić przed wkroczeniem na ścieżkę przestępczą?
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Inteligentny sport: o związkach inteligencji z aktywnością fizyczną i poziomem wykonania sportowego
Waleriańczyk, W., & Stolarski, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial09 · Cited by 8
González-Bueso, V., Santamaría, J. J. V., Caro‐Pérez, O., Fernández, D., Baño, M., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Håkansson, A., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., & Ribas, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.839788 · Cited by 9
“In this classification, the problem is defined as a persistent pattern of failure to control sexual impulses, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior over a prolonged period (6 months or more) that causes marked discomfort in personal, family, social, school, work, or in other functional areas (12).”
BackgroundErgün, N. (2023) · Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual · doi:10.51668/bp.8323203n · Cited by 10
“However, it's noteworthy that the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently introduced the diagnosis of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) into the ICD-11 (WHO, 2019; Grubbs et al., 2020).”
InfluentialOlivari, C., Mansueto, G., Marino, C., Candellari, G., Cericola, J., Binnie, J., Spada, M. M., & Caselli, G. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108214 · Cited by 12
Snaychuk, L. A., Ferrão, Y. A., Fontenelle, L. F., Miguel, E. C., de Mathis, M. A., Scanavino, M. D. T., & Kim, H. S. A. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02412-6 · Cited by 11
Glica, A., Wizła, M., Gola, M. K., & Lewczuk, K. (2023) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdac035 · Cited by 9
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., & Spivak‐Lavi, Z. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.008 · Cited by 9
Mapping the links between sexual addiction and gambling disorder: A Bayesian network approach
Hunt, B. R., Zarate, D., Gill, P. R., & Stavropoulos, V. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115366 · Cited by 9
“; ICD-11; World Health Organisation, 2019) include compulsive sexual behaviour disorder as an impulse control disorder, reflecting a rather conservative categorisation while still acknowledging problematic hypersexual behaviour (Kraus et al., 2018).”
Turner, D., Hertz, P. G., Biedermann, L., Barra, S., & Retz, W. (2024) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-024-00891-w · Cited by 11
“Pornography Addiction”: Elements for Discussion of a Case Report
Smaniotto, B., Bigot, J. L., & Camps, F.-D. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02133-2 · Cited by 12
The Role of Scrupulosity, Experiential Avoidance, and the Dark Tetrad in Problematic Pornography Use
del Valle, J. P., & Hand, C. J. (2022) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2022.2101168 · Cited by 9
“Finally, we anticipated that the personality traits of the Dark Tetrad would significantly predict PPU (H4). In agreement with previous research (e.g., Muris et al., 2020; Sindermann et al., 2018; Williams et al., 2009), psychopathy and Machiavellianism were positively correlated with PPU. Our results revealed that na…”
MethodResultInfluentialLankford, A., & Hayes, J. K. (2022) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2022.2126416 · Cited by 9
“In addition, compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) has recently been added to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an impulse control disorder (Kraus et al., 2018; Reed et al., 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialIncoronato, N., Biedermann, S. V., Roth, L., Müller, J. C., & Fuß, J. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105968 · Cited by 9
Rahm-Knigge, R. L., Miner, M. H., & Coleman, E. (2022) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2022.2148796 · Cited by 7
“Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) refers to a pattern of out-of-control sexual behaviors, urges, and fantasies that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning (Kafka, 2010; Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCommentary on Lewczuk et al : Moral incongruence, disapproval and behavioral ‘addiction’
Grubbs, J. B. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15326 · Cited by 9
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Approach for Problematic Chemsex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men
Strika-Bruneau, L., Karila, L., Amirouche, A., Fauvel, B., & Benyamina, A. (2024) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2023.05.002 · Cited by 8
Stefanovics, E. A., Kraus, S. W., Madden, L. M., Farnum, S. O., Cannata, E., Potenza, M. N., & Barry, D. T. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00037 · Cited by 8
“In other words, some have considered PPU a subtype of SA, HD, or CSBD rather than an independent clinical condition (Castro-Calvo, Cervigón-Carrasco, Bal-lester-Arnal, & Giménez-García, 2021; Gola et al., 2022).”
Self-citationEvaluation and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior: current limitations and potential strategies
Zhu, L., Ma, W., Zhang, R., Wang, C., Song, B., Cao, Y., & Li, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1621136 · Cited by 9
“If a high sex drive does not cause distress or if the distress is only mediated by negative social norms (e.g., cultural restrictions and religious thoughts regarding sex and sexual desire), then individuals with a high sex drive should not be pathologized (11, 66).”
Assessment and treatment of hypersexuality: a review
Elrafei, H., & Jamali, Q. (2021) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2021.68 · Cited by 10
Kowalewska, E., & Lew‐Starowicz, M. (2021) · Wiedza Medyczna · doi:10.36553/wm.72 · Cited by 9
Khayer, E., Rad, M., Bőthe, B., & Farnam, F. (2023) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2023.2188500 · Cited by 8
“One of the problematic sexual behaviors currently presented in different diagnostic manuals is Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) (Briken et al., 2022; Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEfrati, Y., & Spada, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2023.2259894 · Cited by 8
The moral maze of sex & porn addiction
Hall, P. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107054 · Cited by 13
Exploring Hypersexuality Pathways From Eye Movements: The Role of (Sexual) Impulsivity
Carvalho, J., Rosa, P. J., & Štulhofer, A. (2021) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.018 · Cited by 9
Fraumeni‐McBride, J. (2024) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2024.2368538 · Cited by 7
“Scientific support and comorbidity complexities contribute to the diagnostic debate (Kraus et al., 2018; Moser, 2013).”
InfluentialDifferences in cross-sectional and daily diary problematic pornography use correlates
Borgogna, N. C., Vaughn, J., Owen, T., Brasil, K. M., Kraus, S. W., Levant, R. F., & McDermott, R. C. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00008 · Cited by 7
Self-citationCompulsive sexual behavior disorder: rates and clinical correlates in a community sample
Grant, J. E., Boutouis, S., Collins, M., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1561885 · Cited by 7
“(38) or in a large international study (4.8”
InfluentialSelf-citationLewczuk, K., Górowska, M. P., Li, Y., & Gola, M. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00807 · Cited by 8
“Pathological gambling, as well as pathological gaming were described in the “Disorders due to substance use and addictive behaviors” category, while Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) was deemed a member of “Impulse Control Disorders” (2, 10), although the discussion on the addictive, compulsive, and/or impuls…”
BackgroundQualitative Approaches to the Study of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Simpson, K. A., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.013 · Cited by 10
Wizła, M., Kraus, S. W., & Lewczuk, K. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152303 · Cited by 9
Self-citationAshkenazi, S., Anaki, L., Nahum, Y., & Weinstein, A. M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03925-y · Cited by 7
“It has been argued that it is a clinical disorder associated with impaired emotional and cognitive function (Karila et al., 2014; Kraus et al., 2016, 2018).”
BackgroundImpulsivity in the context of pornography use and compulsive sexual behavior
Testa, G., Mestre‐Bach, G., Montejo, A. L., & Actis, C. C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13437-1.00007-0 · Cited by 7
Targeting Mechanisms for Problematic Pornography Use Interventions
Todorović, L., Huisman, M., & Ostafin, B. D. (2023) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2023.2272613 · Cited by 6
“Pornography addiction is related to the broader category of compulsive sexual behavior (also called sexual addiction; Carnes, 1983; Douglas Reed, 1994), which was included as a clinical disorder in the ICD-11 (Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEngelhardt, R., Way, B. M., Borgogna, N. C., Jo, D., Bőthe, B., Maes, J., & Kraus, S. W. (2026) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2026.2624384 · Cited by 6
“…out-of-control sexual behavior, sexual addiction, hypersexual disorder; Carnes, 1996; Mick & Hollander, 2006; Kafka, 2010; Reid & Kafka, 2014; Kraus et al., 2016, 2018), compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) was included in the 11 th edition of the International Classification of…”
Self-citationTrost, L. W., Rowland, D. L., Meston, C. M., Kingsberg, S. A., Briken, P., Gross, M., Esho, T. C., Lewis, R., & Giraldi, A. (2026) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1093/sxmrev/qeag028 · Cited by 7
Self-citationAghamiri, F. S., Luetz, J. M., & Hills, K. (2024) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-024-10221-3 · Cited by 10
“However, in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) (Kraus et al., 2018; World Health Organization [WHO], 2019), Compulsive Sexual Behaviour Disorder (CSBD) has recently been added to the list of impulse control disorders.”
Özhüner, Y., & Özerdoğan, N. (2024) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.14051 · Cited by 6
Paraphilias and Sexual Offending in Compulsive Sexual Behavior in the Sex@Brain-Study
Engel, J., Nagy, L., Dickhut, C., Veit, M., Kneer, J., & Krüger, T. H. C. (2024) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2024.2392204 · Cited by 7
“The advantages of the new classification are clearly defined, clinically applicable diagnostic categories that allow for better treatment planning (Kraus et al., 2018).”
Highlights of ICD-11 Classification of Mental, Behavioral, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Gozi, A. (2019) · Indian Journal of Private Psychiatry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10067-0030 · Cited by 7
Efrati, Y., Goldman, K., Levin, K., & Rosca, P. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00964-1 · Cited by 6
“Unlike CSBD, risky sexual behavior could characterize individuals with high levels of sexual interest and behavior (e.g., because of a high sex drive) who do not exhibit impaired con-trol over their sexual behavior and significant distress or impairment in functioning (Kraus et al., 2018).”
The Long-Lived Impacts of Sexual Addiction: Examples of Unwanted Gifts That Keep Giving
Seyed Aghamiri, F., & Luetz, J. M. (2023) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2022.2163013 · Cited by 6
“The pornographic industry’s addictiveness cannot be downplayed (Kraus et al., 2018), nor the pernicious consequences on consumers and their intimate partners (Seyed Aghamiri et al., 2022a, 2022b).”
BackgroundThree Quarks for Hypersexuality Research
van Tuijl, P., Verboon, P., & van Lankveld, J. J. D. M. (2023) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes4010011 · Cited by 4
“The conclusion seems warranted that emotion dysregulation is not an issue in PH, which is in line with the guideline accompanying the CSBD diagnosis concerning shame and guilt [43].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAddressing controversies surrounding food addiction
Mestre‐Bach, G., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Fernández‐Aranda, F., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816207-1.00014-7 · Cited by 6
Bonnaire, C., & Billieux, J. (2022) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2022.2102203 · Cited by 11
“Gilles also endorses the proposed criteria for compulsive sexual behavior disorder, as defined in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundGomez, R., Brown, T., & Stavropoulos, V. (2024) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-024-10087-6 · Cited by 5
Early Maladaptive Schemas and Online Pornography Use: A Cross-Sectional Study
Vieira, C. H., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01463-9 · Cited by 5
“While some clinicians have made attempts to classify online PPU as an ‘impulse-control disorder’, the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) placed it under compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (CSBD) (Kraus et al., 2018).”
Kabaha, M., & Efrati, Y. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03179-2 · Cited by 6
“PPU is increasingly recognized as a common manifestation of CSB, characterized by uncontrollable consumption patterns that lead to significant distress and functional impairment (Kraus et al., 2018).”
Way, B. M., Jennings, T. L., Grubbs, J. B., Gunawan, K., & Kraus, S. W. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.108905 · Cited by 5
Self-citationKotta, I., Kálcza-Jánosi, K., Marschalkó, E. E., Bandi, S. A., & Bibok, B. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00791-4 · Cited by 5
Firoozikhojastehfar, R., Asgari, K., Kalantari, M., Raisi, F., Shahvari, Z., Dadras, I., & Jabalkandi, S. A. (2021) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2022.2041514 · Cited by 5
“…is characterized by a persistent pattern of failure to control intense sexual impulses or urges, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior over an extended period of time (e.g., six months or more), affecting on many aspects of the patient’s life (Derbyshire & Grant, 2015; Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundOkabe, Y., & Ito, D. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01077-z · Cited by 5
“…failure to control these intense sexual urges that persist over time, despite significant distress or impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, excluding paraphilic disorders (Kraus et al., 2018; World Health Organization, 2022).”
Sexual development in ADHD and internet pornography consumption
Privara, M., & Bob, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240222 · Cited by 7
A SCOPING REVIEW: THE IMPACT OF PORNOGRAPHY ADDICTION ON ADOLESCENTS
Astuti, S. A. T., & Winarti, Y. (2022) · Muhammadiyah International Public Health and Medicine Proceeding · doi:10.61811/miphmp.v1i2.265 · Cited by 5
“Repeated and uncontrolled pornography users cause distress and functional disorders (6) (12).”
BackgroundFous, G., Bazzaroni, C., Needle, R. B., & Favasuli, S. (2024) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2024.2359370 · Cited by 5
“…repetitive sexual impulses or urges, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior over an extended period (e.g., six months or more) that causes marked distress or impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning (Kraus et al., 2018, p. 109).”
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Hypersexuality: A Pilot Study
Montesinos, F., Ortega-Otero, M., Polín, E., & Lobato, D. (2024) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2024.2421188 · Cited by 5
“…consequences occur at a medical level (sexually transmitted infections), psychological (dissatisfaction, personal distress) and social level (isolation, impairment in interpersonal or occupational functioning) (Carnes, 2000; Koós et al., 2021; Kraus et al., 2018; Schneider et al., 2012; WHO, 2018).”
Desbuleux, J. C., Desbuleux-Rettel, J., & Fuß, J. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00048 · Cited by 6
“Individuals with CSBD often struggle to regulate their sexual behavior despite experiencing severe consequences, such as strained relationships, fi nancial dif fi culties, or legal repercussions (Kraus et al., 2018).”
Compulsive sexual behavior disorder and impulsivity
Sassover, E., & Weinstein, A. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13437-1.00009-4 · Cited by 5
Demirgül, S. A., Sancar, İ. V., Demetrovics, Z., & Bőthe, B. (2024) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2024.2317743 · Cited by 5
“D (Kraus et al., 2018, 2020; Reid et al., 2011), the use of reliable measurement is an essential requirement for clinicians and researchers to identify people at high risk of PPU for diagnostic and treatment purposes.”
BackgroundMontesinos, F., & Ortega, M. (2022) · Análisis y Modificación de Conducta · doi:10.33776/amc.v48i177.7204 · Cited by 6
Winder, B., Norman, C., Hamilton, J., Cass, S., Lambert, A., Tovey, L., Hocken, K., Marshall, E. J., Lievesley, R., Hamilton, L. J., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2024.2338917 · Cited by 5
“…of Compulsive Sexual Behaviour Disorder (CSBD) – an impulse control disorder characterised by a persistent inability to control intense and repetitive sexual impulses or urges, resulting in recurring sexual behaviour – in the ICD-11 (2019; Balon & Briken, 2021; Briken, 2020; Kraus et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPrantner, S., Espino‐Payá, A., Pastor, M. C., Giménez‐García, C., Kroker, T., Ballester‐Arnal, R., & Junghoefer, M. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100524 · Cited by 5
“Empirical data is currently lacking on whether the processes involved in the development and maintenance of CSBD are equivalent to those observed in substance use disorders or behavioral addictions such as gambling or gaming (Kraus et al., 2018).”
Konsens als Merkmal paraphiler Störungen
Briken, P. (2020) · PSYCHE · doi:10.21706/ps-74-4-280 · Cited by 5
Self-citationSubstance and Behavioral Addictions Assessment Instruments
Grigsby, T. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.012 · Cited by 6
Okabe, Y., & Ito, D. (2022) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2022.2113192 · Cited by 5
“Focusing only on quantity may falsely pathologize individuals who are simply sexually active and do not have a negative consequence (Kraus et al., 2018; Kraus & Sweeney, 2019; Vaillancourt-Morel & Bergeron, 2019; WHO, 2022).”
BackgroundLogistic Regression With Machine Learning Sheds Light on the Problematic Sexual Behavior Phenotype
Jiang, S., Wallace, K., Yang, E. H., Roper, L., Aryal, G., Lee, D., Lodhi, R. J., Arnau, R. C., Isenberg, R., Green, B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001078 · Cited by 8
Rosansky, J. A., Borgogna, N. C., Kraus, S. W., & Grubbs, J. B. (2022) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.09.003 · Cited by 5
Self-citationCompulsive Sexual Behavior and Changes in Solitary Sexual Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Gleason, N., Conroy, K., Banik, S., & Coleman, E. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02599-2 · Cited by 5
Gerymski, R., & Cisek, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_1867-1 · Cited by 5
Engel, J., Liebnau, J., Müller, S. M., Veit, M., Kneer, J., Sinke, C., & Kruger, T. H. C. (2025) · Sexual Health & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/26929953.2025.2465778 · Cited by 4
“Criteria of Hypersexual Disorder are largely consistent with the newly published ICD-11 criteria for CSBD (Kraus et al., 2018) which have not been published when the study was conducted (WHO, 2019).”
Huțul, T., & Karner‐Huțuleac, A. (2025) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi231214009h · Cited by 5
Ince, C., Tiego, J., Albertella, L., Fontenelle, L. F., Chamberlain, S. R., Yücel, M., & Rotaru, K. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00022 · Cited by 4
“pornography), relapse (returning to use despite efforts to quit), and sexual dissatisfaction (e.g., reduced pleasure from use; B ő the, Potenza, et al., 2020; Kraus et al., 2018).”
InfluentialKnorr, A., Wegmann, E., Vollbracht, D., Brand, M., & Antons, S. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00102 · Cited by 4
“…maintenance (Antons & Brand, 2018; Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Gola et al., 2017), which is why PPU is often discussed in the context of addiction models (Antons & Brand, 2021; Brand, Antons, Wegmann, & Potenza, 2019; Brand et al., 2020; Kraus et al., 2018; Kraus & Sweeney, 2019).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraus, S. W., Krueger, R. B., Briken, P., First, M. B., Stein, D. J., Kaplan, M. S., Voon, V., Abdo, C. H. N., Grant, J. E., Atalla, E., & Reed, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Ministry of Health (BH)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-01-19
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-110
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC5775124
- OpenAlex
- W2789504944
- Semantic Scholar
- 2f507da1b8a5c40b8e4ba6c2ed7035614c93f2e1
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 28
- FWCI
- 66.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Medical Research Council (MR/P008747/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- ICD-11, sexual addiction, psychiatric classification, diagnostic criteria, digital health, translational research, research hype
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