The DOI matches its Crossref record; 230 of the 230 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The growing field of digital psychiatry: current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality
Open accessAbstract
As the COVID‐19 pandemic has largely increased the utilization of telehealth, mobile mental health technologies – such as smartphone apps, virtual reality, chatbots, and social media – have also gained attention. These digital health technologies offer the potential of accessible and scalable interventions that can augment traditional care. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive update on the overall field of digital psychiatry, covering three areas. First, we outline the relevance of recent technological advances to mental health research and care, by detailing how smartphones, social media, artificial intelligence and virtual reality present new opportunities for “digital phenotyping” and remote intervention. Second, we review the current evidence for the use of these new technological approaches across different mental health contexts, covering their emerging efficacy in self‐management of psychological well‐being and early intervention, along with more nascent research supporting their use in clinical management of long‐term psychiatric conditions – including major depression; anxiety, bipolar and psychotic disorders; and eating and substance use disorders – as well as in child and adolescent mental health care. Third, we discuss the most pressing challenges and opportunities towards real‐world implementation, using the Integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i‐PARIHS) framework to explain how the innovations themselves, the recipients of these innovations, and the context surrounding innovations all must be considered to facilitate their adoption and use in mental health care systems. We conclude that the new technological capabilities of smartphones, artificial intelligence, social media and virtual reality are already changing mental health care in unforeseen and exciting ways, each accompanied by an early but promising evidence base. We point out that further efforts towards strengthening implementation are needed, and detail the key issues at the patient, provider and policy levels which must now be addressed for digital health technologies to truly improve mental health research and treatment in the future.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In particular, widespread access to technology has not been accompanied by sufficient mental health advocacy, leaving the detrimental effects of technological exposure unaddressed [49].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mobile health interventions, such as smartphone applications and text messaging, are commonly used to target a wide range of health behaviors in adults and rep resent a rapidly growing area among youth 290 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [290]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology with the potential to transform mental health treatment [1-3].”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Digital mental health interventions have the potential to decrease barriers to mental health treatment.185”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [185]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Research into problem gaming has advanced particularly in the areas of epidemiology, neurobiology and interventions, and has also stimulated scientific interest in problematic engagement in other online activities (e.g., social networking sites, Internet pornography use, and ecommerce) 213,214 .”
From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD‐11: complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [214]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the citing paper
“Moreover, analysis of text messages on social media, in combination with machine and deep-learning techniques, may provide novel ways of identifying emerging mental disorders [131].”
From Towards a youth mental health paradigm: a perspective and roadmap (2023) · cites this paper as [131]
In the citing paper
“User‐facing apps coupled with assistance from coaches, and other telepsychiatry tools, can help address the treatment gap, but barriers related to culture, policy and funding issues remain195, 238.”
From Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research (2022) · cites this paper as [238]
In the citing paper
“An increasing number of CAIs have emerged in recent years, as the digital medical and mobile health fields have grown [26], solving and improving a larger range of mental health issues in addition to depression and anxiety.”
From Conversational Agent Interventions for Mental Health Problems: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Nonadherence to ADTs is associated with increased severity of depressive symptoms, risk of relapse (ie, early return of symptoms within the expected duration of a current episode) and recurrence (ie, a new major depressive episode following a full-episode remission), and healthcare resource utilization, as well as significantly higher”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“With the widespread, everyday use of smartphones, these emerging digital tools could function as efficient, widely available mental health resources for orthopedic clinicians to offer their patients [16,20-22].”
From A Digital Mental Health Intervention in an Orthopedic Setting for Patients With Symptoms of Depression and/or Anxiety: Feasibility Prospective Cohort Study (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Estimating the true global burden of mental illness
Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G., & Atun, R. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00505-2 · Cited by 2,494
Nahum-Shani, I., Smith, S. N., Spring, B. J., Collins, L. M., Witkiewitz, K., Tewari, A., & Murphy, S. A. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9830-8 · Cited by 2,171
Virtual Reality in the Assessment, Understanding, and Treatment of Mental Health Disorders
Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700040x · Cited by 1,428
Conversational agents in healthcare: a systematic review
Laranjo, L., Dunn, A. G., Tong, H. L., Kocaballi, A. B., Chen, J., Bashir, R., Surian, D., Gallego, B., Magrabi, F., Lau, A. Y. S., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocy072 · Cited by 1,388 · cited 2×
“However, their evidence base is not well established 85 .”
BackgroundGlobal Burden of Disease and the Impact of Mental and Addictive Disorders
Rehm, J., & Shield, K. D. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-0997-0 · Cited by 1,388
Kitson, A. L., Rycroft-Malone, J., Harvey, G., McCormack, B., Seers, K., & Titchen, A. (2008) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-3-1 · Cited by 1,314
Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189
Chatbots and Conversational Agents in Mental Health: A Review of the Psychiatric Landscape
Vaidyam, A. N., Wisniewski, H., Halamka, J. D., Kashavan, M. S., & Torous, J. B. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719828977 · Cited by 1,048
Self-citationMachine learning in mental health: a scoping review of methods and applications
Shatte, A. B. R., Hutchinson, D. M., & Teague, S. J. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000151 · Cited by 1,047
It's only a computer: virtual humans increase willingness to disclose
Lucas, G. M., Gratch, J., King, A., & Morency, L.-P. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.043 · Cited by 977
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- World Health Organization, 2020, Depression
- US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020, Behavioral health workforce report
- Carey B., 2012, The therapist may see you anytime, anywhere, New York Times
- Singer N., 2018, In screening for suicide risk, Facebook takes on tricky public health role, New York Times
- Hao K., 2020, Nearly half of Twitter accounts pushing to reopen America may be bots, MIT Technol Rev, 6
- Kessler R, 2020, The science of self‐report: implications for research and practice, 229
- Institute for Clinical and Economic Review.Digital therapeutics as an adjunct to medication assisted therapy for opioid use disorder.https://icer.org.
- World Health Organization, 2003, Caring for children and adolescents with mental disorders: setting WHO directions
- LedermanR D’AlfonsoS.The digital therapeutic alliance: insights on the effectiveness of online therapy. Presented at the First Annual Symposium on the Digital Therapeutic Alliance Melbourne August2019.
- Germain T., 2021, Mental health apps aren’t all as private as you may think, Consumer Reports
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Poulsen, A., Hickie, I. B., Chong, M. K., LaMonica, H. M., Turner, A., Varidel, M., & Iorfino, F. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7062632/v1
The 5P Model as a Governance Framework
Noguera, J. J. M. (2025) · SpringerBriefs in public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94763-6_4
The Historical Evolution of Mental Health: From Nation-State Paradigms to Borderless Care
Noguera, J. J. M. (2025) · SpringerBriefs in public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94763-6_1
The Psychosocial Crisis as a Liminal Experience
Erdős, M. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96007-9_7
Whelan, P., Tranter, H., Carter, L., Sainsbury, J., Rathee, M., Stockton-Powdrell, C., Bolton, N., & Abel, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/60611
“Of the many digital interventions available to support children with anxiety, few have been evaluated formally or empirically [11,15,16].”
Self-citationPublic Mental Health Aspects of Geriatric Psychiatry in South Asia
Tewari, A., Agrawal, A., & Vishwakarma, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7469-5_10
Social Media's Contribution to Risk Management Strategies for UK-Based IT Companies
Kaur, P., Askri, S., Majeed, J., Iqbal, N., Peel, R., Armosh, F., Tiemo, T. H., Gilani, S. A. M., & Tantry, A. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2858-4.ch011
Evaluation of Efficiency in Modeling Mental Illnesses. Case Study: Ecuador
Balseca, C. L. I., Tinajero, J. L., Coronel, F., Inca, E., & Chávez, J. D. G. (2025) · WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER RESEARCH · doi:10.37394/232018.2025.13.54
Zhai, S., Goodman, A., Smith, A. C., Diminic, S., & Zhou, X. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.80386
Embracing digital psychiatry: Readiness or resistance?
Samalin, L. (2025) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2025.08.001
Patel, J., Ibrahim, S. T., & Katapally, T. R. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.24.25334320
“Digital phenotyping through smartphones has emerged as a scalable approach for capturing real-time indicators of mental health in everyday environments [12].”
Kowalski, L., Finnes, A., Koch, S., & Bujacz, A. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.83753
Ito, S., Ang, C., Kampman, O. P., Rokde, K., Buddhika, T., Heaukulani, C., Tan, Z.-W., Dewanti, F. A., Au, E. W. M., Huan, V. S. L., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103652 · Cited by 1
“This knowledge could help identify wellness indicators among university students, allowing university mental healthcare services and providers to better detect students who are at risk and connect them with relevant resources for effective intervention.”
Yahia, A., Bakry, M., Radwan, N., Yossef, N., Amin, A., Ahmed, I. A., & Saad, N. G. E.-D. (2025) · Intelligent Methods, Systems, and Applications (IMSA) · doi:10.1109/imsa65733.2025.11166690
“• Safety mechanisms are underdeveloped; hallucinations and misinformation persist without effective filters or grounding [22], [28].”
The Impact of Mobile Self-Efficacy on E-Payment Trust and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Abdu Fitrah Indarto, H. S., Iqbal, M., & Dаrmаwаn, А. (2025) · Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Profesi Guru · doi:10.23887/jippg.v8i2.102284
Hudgens, S. A., Purnajo, I., Floden, L., Hwang, S., Ash, J. A., Rothman, B., Speier, A., & Forbes, A. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.85037
Hopkin, G., Coole, H., Edelmann, F., Powell, J., Salmon, M., & Cooper, S. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.85635
Multidisciplinary perspectives on personalised prevention in youth mental health
Löchner, J., Bolivar, M., Booth, L., Canella, S., Calobro, M., Firth, J., García‐Palacios, A., Kyritsaka, A., Sander, L., Seiferth, C., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1568472 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLee, J., & Kim, J. (2025) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171251391600 · Cited by 1
Chinarev, V. А., & Малинина, Е. В. (2025) · Medical alphabet · doi:10.33667/2078-5631-2025-21-33-38
Digital Innovation in Mental Health
Gillett, G., Rigby, D., & Gadelrab, R. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009028967.011
Gumahad, H. D., & Reyes, I. O. (2025) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/25aug976
Tayab, M., Suwaidi, H. A., & Khalid, A. (2025) · Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference (ADIPEC) · doi:10.2118/229396-ms
Bucci, S., Zhang, X., Basilio, D. D., Berry, N., Berry, K., Edge, D., & Haddock, G. (2025) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2025.2578187
“Promising evidence now supports the effectiveness and usability of DHIs for psychosis (Bell & Alvarez-Jimenez, 2019; Torous et al., 2021).”
Self-citationHopkin, G., Coole, H., Edelmann, F., powell, J. A., Salmon, M., & Cooper, S. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/85635
“They are available for a range of mental health conditions, from more common mild-to-moderate conditions to severe and enduring presentations, and can play a role in triaging and diagnosing, providing treatment, and helping people to track and manage their mental health over time [3].”
Design and Implementation of Mobile Application in College Students' Daily Mental Health Education
Wang, R. (2025) · International Journal of e-Collaboration · doi:10.4018/ijec.393203
Embracing innovation: overcoming barriers to technology integration in mental health care
Flaherty, H. B. (2025) · Mental Health and Digital Technologies · doi:10.1108/mhdt-07-2025-0042
Moghaddasi, H., Rabiei, R., & Laktarashi, H. V. (2025) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/s12886-025-04513-x
Octoyuda, E., Putra, H. S., & Marpaung, S. S. M. (2025) · Environmental Research and Technology · doi:10.35208/ert.1591388
Expanding access to mental healthcare through technology
Reddy, K. J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43908-7.00018-5
Introduction to integrated holistic mental healthcare
Reddy, K. J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43908-7.00010-0
Conclusion insights on integrated mental healthcare
Reddy, K. J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43908-7.00014-8
Foundations of holistic mental health
Reddy, K. J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43908-7.00007-0
Detecting psychosis via natural language processing of social media posts: potentials and pitfalls
Plank, L., & Zlomuzica, A. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109325
Smart and Digital Wellbeing Initiatives in Healthcare
Varma, A., Saraiya, A. S., Tuli, K., Suresh, S., & Srivastava, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7917-3.ch009 · Cited by 1
Han, Y.-S., Wang, W., Hu, J., Hu, J., Xu, X., Ai, M., Hong, S., & Kuang, L. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/88824
Mood Disorders in Young People
McCulloch, A., Adams, S., Sharma, A., & Dubicka, B. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009110266.013
A case-specific psychological first aid AI recommendations app for rescue and first responders
Tayri, T. M. S., Cohen-Inger, N., Seadia, O., Gal, A., & Vilenchik, D. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2591567
“The PFA Chabot, as along with other AI-powered mental health tools, can facilitate real-time data analysis and feedback, allowing for tailored interventions that meet individual needs and improve overall outcomes (Cernvall et al., 2018; Torous et al., 2021).”
Viewing social isolation as a complex dynamical system: A theoretical and computational framework
Abplanalp, S. J., Maimone, J. S., & Green, M. F. (2025) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-025-00051-y
Log in, lie down: ethics and the digital turn in psychotherapy
Branford, J., & Conrad, J. A. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2599894
User dissatisfaction with a mental health application: Insights from Google Reviews
Petersen, F., & Tom, S. L. (2025) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v27i1.2064
“With a focus on Western developed applications and homogenous user groups, the majority of studies have been conducted in high-income contexts (Borghouts et al. 2021; Torous et al. 2021).”
Soliman, O. M., Messer, M., Skvarc, D., Moffitt, R. L., & Linardon, J. (2025) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2025.2602455
Self-citationMoulaei, K., Bahaadinbeigy, K., Mashoof, E., & Dinari, F. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24234221
Zhang, X., Lewis, S., Chen, X., Zhou, J., Wang, X., & Bucci, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25572496
Self-citationChiauzzi, E. J., Williams, A. A. A., Mariano, T. Y., Pajarito, S., Robinson, A. H., Kirvin-Quamme, A., & Forman‐Hoffman, V. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26674502
Ghosh, R. C., Singh, G. B., & Sharma, N. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9521-9.ch011
Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Kyster, N. B., Dyreholt, M. S., Christensen, E. M., Bondo-Kozuch, P., Lerche, A. S., Smidt, B., Knorr, U., Brøndmark, K., Cardoso, A.-M. B., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24130305
Self-citationKuehne, C., Yim, S. H., İnce, B., Fordham, E., Matcham, F., Simblett, S. K., White, K. M., Folarin, A., Sharpe, H., & Schmidt, U. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.86382
Edwards, R., & Krause, N. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/79770
“There are some existing mobile health apps for the management of eating disorders, which typically aim to provide either information, self-monitoring, assessment, or support to users, or a combination [60].”
KOOTTKARI: a digital initiative for women’s mental health and social inclusion in India
Aswathi, P. R., Purath, F. V., & Praveen, A. (2025) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-11-2025-0292
Exploring the Role of Data Science in Mental Health Assessment via Digital Platforms
Sai, V. C. (2025) · International Conference on Innovative Data Communication Technologies and Application (ICIDCA) · doi:10.1109/icidca66325.2025.11280412
“Digital platforms can make a revolutionary contribution to mental health care delivery and outcomes by tapping into data science [15].”
Individualization of therapy in psychiatry: how personalized it may be?
Skryabin, V. Y. (2025) · Neurology Bulletin · doi:10.17816/nb678686
Jackson, K., Kaner, E., Yardley, L., & O'Donnell, A. J. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13883-3
“…likely to have poor digital skills compared to other groups [44, 46] Other factors affecting digital exclusion in people with mental health and / or substance use conditions include low trust in digital technologies [47], low motivation for self-care [48] and/or low motivation to change [48, 49].”
Aji, S. M. W., Nurlaily, V. A., Farid, M., Kharisma, N. V. E., Amalia, E., Prastitasari, H., & Ferdiyansyah, A. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104812
Necyk, C., Eberhardt, T. E., & Mahmoud, S. H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10050-4_22
Personalized Care Through Connected Technology
Sharma, D., Sharma, R., & Raj, C. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11524-9_8
ATEŞ, E. G. Ç., Daşcı, E., Önal, A. A., & Güç, E. (2026) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.1804448
Zhang, H., & Zhu, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1718222 · Cited by 1
Häussl, A., Zwigl, I., Stojec, L., Smolak, I. S., Stijic, M., Stross, T. M., Lenger, M., Fellendorf, F. T., Guggemos, S., Schönthaler, E. M. D., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1661730 · Cited by 1
Dhariwal, R., Song, M. S. H., Vukmanovic, N., Perowne, R., & Gutman, L. M. (2026) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70080
Aji, S. M. W., Nurlaily, V. A., Farid, M., Kharisma, N. V. E., Amalia, E., Prastitasari, H., & Ferdiyansyah, A. (2026) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2026.104858
Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatric Teaching and Training
Tom, A., Reddy, B. S. C., & Math, S. B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-1845-6_21
Impact of AI and ML in Healthcare, Education, and Mental Health
Srivastava, S., Taneja, S., Dhara, C., & Raheja, S. (2026) · Advanced technologies and societal change · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0800-6_5
李, 嘉. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.162064
Alexander, E. D., Sarmiento, I., Chung, V.-H.-A., Yacovelli, A., & Andersson, N. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-107379
“Research to date has focused on those with formal diagnoses and how to encourage treatment seeking through social media, 27 and ways that health professionals can deliver conversational interventions through TikTok.”
Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Dyreholt, M. S., Kyster, N. B., Iversen, N., Kortsen, E. M., Amann, B. L., Hogg, B., Gatto, D. L., de Córdoba, C., Petrovic, M., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-115773
Self-citationZwischen Hoffnung, Hype und Hürden: Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen für psychische Störungen
Stalujanis, E., Kemmerer, P., Engesser, D., Dotzauer, L., der Salm, S. M. A. V., Scheibe, S., Mergenthal, K., Voigt, K., & Singer, S. (2026) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-026-00836-2
“In denletztenJahrenhaben sich eHealthund mHealth rasant entwickelt (Torous et al. 2021), unterstützt durch nationale Initiati-ven, z. B. in Belgien (Tarricone et al. 2024), den USA (Cortez 2019) oder Großbritan-nien (Rodriguez-Villa und Torous 2019).”
Monroy-Robles, D. M., del Campo-Galván, P., de la Rosa-Gómez, A., García-Palacios, A., Manolov, R., Guerra-Anlén, A., Colín-Mendiola, K. P., & Landa-Ramírez, E. (2026) · Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-026-10132-5
“This approach offers greater accessibility, convenience, and measurement accuracy (Emden et al., 2021; Torous et al., 2021).”
Francesco, S. D., Archetti, D., Baronio, C. M., Demaria, C., Boccali, A., Crema, C., Tura, G. B., & Redolfi, A. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.93307
Gatov, E., Strudwick, G., Wiljer, D., Bhattacharyya, O., & Kurdyak, P. (2026) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2026.2624695
Sudarman, & Ellyawati, N. (2025) · Jurnal Pedagogi dan Pembelajaran · doi:10.23887/jp2.v8i3.103549
Casu, M., Marletta, L., Ragaglia, C. V., Caponnetto, P., & Battiato, S. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.100963 · Cited by 1
Breathe and Relax: An Alexa-Based Voice Intervention for Stress Reduction and Emotional Well-Being
Gallegos, E., Ávila, D., Reinoso, J., Guerrero, G., & Ortiz, G. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16761-3_16
Educating Students About Digital Health Research Ethics: Curricula Review and Expert Interview Study
Zhu, Y., McInnis, B. J., Punater, T., York, B., & Nebeker, C. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/82861
Coupe, A., Pater, J. A., Pfafman, R., Cornet, V. P., Andrews, E., Flanagan, M., Albright, D. K., Balasani, A., Becker, C., Parise, B., et al. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.93754
Vr-Based Real-Time Ptsd Therapy Framework for Military Veterans
Kumar, P. V., Suneetha, K., Ravindran, M., & Takkella, R. (2025) · International Conference on Innovations and Emerging Technologies in AI & Communication Systems (IETACS) · doi:10.1109/ietacs68750.2025.11385392
“Nevertheless, the majority of systems rely on predetermined scenarios and stepwise procedures, and hence cannot determine how the patient will experience the future [11].”
Attoe, C., Szekely, R., Vega, M. O., Browne, E., Thomas, R., Kwan, C. W. T., Altchouler, P., De, A., Hariharan, N., Clay, G., et al. (2026) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076261428307
Fahad, S., & Shah, S. S. (2026) · Premier Journal of Economics · doi:10.70389/pjec.100008
Moon, D. U., Park, S., Kim, M.-J., Gutwinski, S., Bermpohl, F., Bajbouj, M., Jeon, H. J., & Lütt, A. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14059-3
“Regulatory frameworks, reimbursement mechanisms, and provider readiness vary considerably across countries, influencing how these technologies are implemented in mental health care [9, 11].”
Artificial Intelligence in Social Work Education
Alam, N. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-6911-2.ch002
Singh, A., & Sachan, S. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-6881-8.ch014
Subhaktiyasa, P. G., Candrawati, S. A. K., Andini, N. K. S., Citrawati, N. K., & Suniyadewi, N. W. (2025) · International Journal of Community Service Learning · doi:10.23887/ijcsl.v9i3.92821
Governance Determinants of AI-Enabled Mental Health Systems in LMICsPreprint
Effiong, E. N., Gimbason, P. (. D. M., & Ngwai, Y. B. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8981586/v1
Moon, K. C., Romano, R. J., Madden, S. P., Koroly, L., Levak, S., Morgenstern, J., & Sapra, M. (2026) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00579-y
New approaches to enhance the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders
Tomasik, J., Zaki, J. K., & Bahn, S. (2026) · Brain medicine : · doi:10.61373/bm026i.0012
Al-Ghailani, A., & Simon, M. (2026) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2026.2637866
Tibbs, M., Dwan-O'Reilly, M., Carey, A., Moore, J., & Fitzgerald, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1673317
Notsu, H., Bodner, R., Lim, K., Shi, C., Myrick, K. J., Ilagan, G. S., Neumann, A., Lisowski, V., & Torous, J. B. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/preprints.95555
Self-citationBao, C. (2026) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/2v3wk313
“In their recent review, Torous et al. take this one step further and argue that digital psychiatry is not limited to apps but also includes social media, chatbots and virtual reality [5].”
Subbulakshmi, M. M., Jayaraman, M., & Jeyaraman, J. (2026) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2026.2649559
Banerjee, D. (2026) · Consortium Psychiatricum · doi:10.17816/cp15846
“Shared psychosis has historically required prolonged interpersonal closeness; however, emerging literature in digital psychiatry demonstrates that immersive online environments can generate comparable emotional intensity, identity fusion, and reinforcement dynamics [10].”
Cognitive Sovereignty: A Theory and Initial Validation of Human Autonomy in Algorithmic EnvironmentsPreprint
Mia, P. D. M. H., & Ali, M. M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9145237/v1
Jerome, L., Adams, K., Bird, V., & Ougrin, D. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001276
Wang, M., Peng, F., Mu, W., Tao, Y., Zhao, H., Yin, Q., Yan, Z., & Shi, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1637109
Future Human–Technology Interactions and Their Intelligent Applications
Faria, D. R. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16073224
Metadata
- Authors
- Torous, J., Bucci, S., Bell, I. H., Kessing, L. V., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Whelan, P., Carvalho, A. F., Keshavan, M., Linardon, J., & Firth, J.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Deakin University (AU)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-09-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 318-335
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC8429349
- OpenAlex
- W3197232629
- Cited by
- 1,199
- References
- 227
- Citations by year
- 2026: 314 · 2025: 328 · 2024: 236 · 2023: 206 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 123.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- American Psychiatric Association Foundation
- UK Research and Innovation (P123958)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR300794)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH116130)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- digital psychiatry, mental health apps, virtual reality, chatbots, social media, digital phenotyping, artificial intelligence, telemedicine, remote intervention, i-PARIHS framework, implementation research, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, psychosis, eating disorders, substance use disorders, child and adolescent mental health, early intervention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
