The growing field of digital psychiatry: current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality
Open accessAbstract
As the COVID‐19 pandemic has largely increased the utilization of telehealth, mobile mental health technologies – such as smartphone apps, virtual reality, chatbots, and social media – have also gained attention. These digital health technologies offer the potential of accessible and scalable interventions that can augment traditional care. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive update on the overall field of digital psychiatry, covering three areas. First, we outline the relevance of recent technological advances to mental health research and care, by detailing how smartphones, social media, artificial intelligence and virtual reality present new opportunities for “digital phenotyping” and remote intervention. Second, we review the current evidence for the use of these new technological approaches across different mental health contexts, covering their emerging efficacy in self‐management of psychological well‐being and early intervention, along with more nascent research supporting their use in clinical management of long‐term psychiatric conditions – including major depression; anxiety, bipolar and psychotic disorders; and eating and substance use disorders – as well as in child and adolescent mental health care. Third, we discuss the most pressing challenges and opportunities towards real‐world implementation, using the Integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i‐PARIHS) framework to explain how the innovations themselves, the recipients of these innovations, and the context surrounding innovations all must be considered to facilitate their adoption and use in mental health care systems. We conclude that the new technological capabilities of smartphones, artificial intelligence, social media and virtual reality are already changing mental health care in unforeseen and exciting ways, each accompanied by an early but promising evidence base. We point out that further efforts towards strengthening implementation are needed, and detail the key issues at the patient, provider and policy levels which must now be addressed for digital health technologies to truly improve mental health research and treatment in the future.
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Widespread access to technology has not been accompanied by sufficient mental health advocacy, leaving the detrimental effects of technological exposure unaddressed.
“In particular, widespread access to technology has not been accompanied by sufficient mental health advocacy, leaving the detrimental effects of technological exposure unaddressed [49].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
The Social media section says the relationship between social media and mental health has received much attention, and describes efforts to flag self-harm content and challenge stigma. It also says screen time or exposure itself is not strongly associated with adverse mental-health outcomes. Rather than saying harmful effects of technological exposure have gone unaddressed, the paper presents a more nuanced picture and describes responses to specific risks; it does not assess whether mental-health advocacy is sufficient. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMobile health interventions, such as smartphone applications and text messaging, are commonly used to target a wide range of health behaviors in adults and represent a rapidly growing area among youth.
“Mobile health interventions, such as smartphone applications and text messaging, are commonly used to target a wide range of health behaviors in adults and rep resent a rapidly growing area among youth 290 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [290]
The Child and adolescent mental health section (page unavailable) describes growing evidence for digital therapies in young people and notes that many technologies tested in youth were first developed for adults. The paper also discusses smartphone interventions for several mental health conditions, but it does not establish that apps and text messaging are commonly used to target a wide range of health behaviors in adults; its focus is mental health. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVR is an emerging technology with the potential to transform mental health treatment.
“Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology with the potential to transform mental health treatment [1-3].”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Digital mental health interventions have the potential to decrease barriers to mental health treatment.
“Digital mental health interventions have the potential to decrease barriers to mental health treatment.185”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [185]
Research into problem gaming has advanced particularly in the areas of epidemiology, neurobiology and interventions, and has stimulated scientific interest in problematic engagement in other online activities.
“Research into problem gaming has advanced particularly in the areas of epidemiology, neurobiology and interventions, and has also stimulated scientific interest in problematic engagement in other online activities (e.g., social networking sites, Internet pornography use, and ecommerce) 213,214 .”
From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [214]
The Social media section discusses excessive social-media use, but does not say that research on problem gaming stimulated interest in it or other online activities. Searches for gaming, epidemiology, neurobiology, and the named online activities found no passage addressing the claimed advances or influence. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Analysis of text messages on social media, in combination with machine and deep-learning techniques, may provide novel ways of identifying emerging mental disorders.
“Moreover, analysis of text messages on social media, in combination with machine and deep-learning techniques, may provide novel ways of identifying emerging mental disorders [131].”
From Towards a youth mental health paradigm: a perspective and roadmap (2023) · cites this paper as [131]
User-facing apps coupled with assistance from coaches, and other telepsychiatry tools, can help address the treatment gap, but barriers related to culture, policy and funding issues remain.
“User‐facing apps coupled with assistance from coaches, and other telepsychiatry tools, can help address the treatment gap, but barriers related to culture, policy and funding issues remain195, 238.”
From Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research (2022) · cites this paper as [238]
An increasing number of CAIs have emerged in recent years, solving and improving a larger range of mental health issues in addition to depression and anxiety.
“An increasing number of CAIs have emerged in recent years, as the digital medical and mobile health fields have grown [26], solving and improving a larger range of mental health issues in addition to depression and anxiety.”
From Conversational Agent Interventions for Mental Health Problems: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Nonadherence to ADTs is associated with increased severity of depressive symptoms, risk of relapse and recurrence, and healthcare resource utilization, as well as significantly higher medical costs, inpatient admissions, and visits to the emergency department.
“Nonadherence to ADTs is associated with increased severity of depressive symptoms, risk of relapse (ie, early return of symptoms within the expected duration of a current episode) and recurrence (ie, a new major depressive episode following a full-episode remission), and healthcare resource utilization, as well as significantly higher”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
With widespread smartphone use, digital tools could function as efficient, widely available mental health resources for orthopedic clinicians to offer their patients.
“With the widespread, everyday use of smartphones, these emerging digital tools could function as efficient, widely available mental health resources for orthopedic clinicians to offer their patients [16,20-22].”
From A Digital Mental Health Intervention in an Orthopedic Setting for Patients With Symptoms of Depression and/or Anxiety: Feasibility Prospective Cohort Study (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
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Virtual reality clinical-experimental tests of compassion treatment techniques to reduce paranoia
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A framework for assessing neuropsychiatric phenotypes by using smartphone-based location data
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Smartphone Data as an Electronic Biomarker of Illness Activity in Bipolar Disorder
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Self-citationAims and structure of the German Research Consortium BipoLife for the study of bipolar disorder
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Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L., Rzayeva, U., Völkel, L., Wenzel, J., Weiske, J., Jessen, F., Reininghaus, U., Uhlhaas, P. J., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., & Kambeitz, J. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00677-8 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“We used four previously established classification criteria to quantify the risk of bias each study (high, low or unclear risk of bias): (1) random sequence generation, (2) allocation concealment, (3) selective outcome reporting (4) incomplete outcome data (5) blinding of participants and study personnel (6) blinding…”
BackgroundMethodSeiferth, C., Vogel, L., Aas, B., Brandhorst, I., Carlbring, P., Conzelmann, A., Esfandiari, N., Finkbeiner, M., Hollmann, K., Lautenbacher, H., et al. (2023) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00085-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“(2) Researchers, developers and practitioners should consider relevant factors to improve adherence to digital health interventions in real-world contexts 100 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationForbes, A., Keleher, M. R., Venditto, M., & DiBiasi, F. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43727 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Digital health technologies may help address many of the treatment needs of patients with depression [32,33].”
InfluentialArtificial Intelligence-Enabled Chatbots in Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Omarov, B. S., Narynov, S., & Zhumanov, Z. (2022) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2023.034655 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Bokolo, B. G., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12214396 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Regulatory considerations to keep pace with innovation in digital health products
Torous, J. B., Stern, A. D., & Bourgeois, F. T. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00668-9 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationLlanes-Jurado, J., Gómez-Zaragozá, L., Minissi, M. E., Alcañíz, M., & Marín‐Morales, J. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.123261 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence-enabled digital transformation in elderly healthcare field: Scoping review
Lee, C., Wang, C., Fan, X., Li, F., & Chen, C. (2023) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2023.101874 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Schillaci, C. E., de Cosmo, L. M., Piper, L., Nicotra, M., & Guido, G. (2023) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123025 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Use of Digital Mental Health Platforms and Interventions: Scoping Review
Balcombe, L., & Leo, D. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010362 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“There is a priority to establish evidence for use in servicing people with diagnosed mental disorders [5].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDigital AVATAR therapy for distressing voices in psychosis: the phase 2/3 AVATAR2 trial
Garety, P. A., Edwards, C., Jafari, H., Emsley, R., Huckvale, M. A., Rus‐Calafell, M., Fornells‐Ambrojo, M., Gumley, A. I., Haddock, G., Bucci, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03252-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“AVATAR therapy is one of several evidence-based digital health interventions emerging for psychosis and schizophrenia 21–24 .”
Self-citationLeo, A. J., Schuelke, M. J., Hunt, D. M., Metzler, J. P., Miller, J. P., Areán, P. A., Armbrecht, M. A., & Cheng, A. L. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/34889 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“With the widespread, everyday use of smartphones, these emerging digital tools could function as efficient, widely available mental health resources for orthopedic clinicians to offer their patients [16,20-22].”
BackgroundMende, M., Scott, M. L., Ubal, V. O., Hassler, C. M. K., Harmeling, C. M., & Palmatier, R. W. (2023) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/10946705231188676 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“To illustrate, advanced chatbots (e.g., in the context of digital psychiatry, Torous et al. 2021) can provide deeper conversations, social interactions, and support in light of their users ’ mental health issues and other health-related concerns (van Wezel, Croes, and Antheunis 2021).”
BackgroundKjell, O., Kjell, K., & Schwartz, H. A. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115667 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Yang, X., Wu, J., Ma, Y., Yu, J., Cao, H., Zeng, A., Fu, R., Tang, Y., & Ren, Z. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/60845 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
New trends in personalized treatment of depression
Sampogna, G., Toni, C., Catapano, P., Rocca, B. D., Vincenzo, M. D., Luciano, M., & Fiorillo, A. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000903 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Karkosz, S., Szymański, R., Sanna, K., & Michałowski, J. M. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/47960 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Linardon, J., Messer, M., Goldberg, S. B., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102370 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationPractical AI application in psychiatry: historical review and future directions
Sun, J., Lu, T., Shao, X., Han, Y., Xia, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ravindran, A. V., Fan, L., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03072-3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Shah, J., DePietro, B., D’Adamo, L., Firebaugh, M., Laing, O., Fowler, L. A., Smolar, L., Sadeh‐Sharvit, S., Taylor, C. B., Wilfley, D. E., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23798 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Torous, J., Myrick, K., & Aguilera, A. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21058 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationLinardon, J. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104421 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Safety of Digital Mental Health Interventions: Systematic Review and Recommendations
Taher, R., Hsu, C.-W., Hampshire, C., Fialho, C., Heaysman, C., Stahl, D., Shergill, S., & Yiend, J. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/47433 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Gallagher, S. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198873068.001.0001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Eisner, E., Faulkner, S., Allan, S., Ball, H., Basilio, D. D., Nicholas, J., Priyam, A., Wilson, P. M., Zhang, X., & Bucci, S. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/65246 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) can help people with psychosis or bipolar disorder monitor, manage, and improve their symptoms and health [3-6].”
Self-citationLinguistic features of suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A systematic review
Homan, S., Gabi, M., Klee, N., Bachmann, S., Moser, A.-M., Duri', M., Michel, S., Bertram, A.-M., Maatz, A., Seiler, G., et al. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102161 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bos, F. M., von Klipstein, L., Emerencia, A. C., Veermans, E., Verhage, T., Snippe, E., Doornbos, B., Hadders-Prins, G., Wichers, M., & Riese, H. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/36430 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Similarly, mental health treatment may benefit from the self-monitoring of daily symptoms, (social) contextual experiences, and treatment-related factors [13].”
Advancing digital health equity: Directions for behavioral and social science research
Jaworski, B. K., Hooper, M. W., Aklin, W. M., Jean‐Francois, B., Elwood, W. N., Belis, D., Riley, W. T., & Hunter, C. M. (2022) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibac088 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Spiegel, B. M. R., Liran, O., Clark, A., Samaan, J. S., Khalil, C., Chernoff, R. A., Reddy, K., & Mehra, M. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01011-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Halkiopoulos, C., & Gkintoni, E. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14061110 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sensors and Devices Guided by Artificial Intelligence for Personalized Pain Medicine
Xing, Y., Yang, K., Lu, A., Mackie, K., & Guo, F. (2024) · Cyborg and Bionic Systems · doi:10.34133/cbsystems.0160 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…programs not only become more engaging and targeted but also provide real-time monitoring of patient responses, offering essential feedback that aids healthcare professionals in optimizing personalized pain medicine strategies [153] and significantly improves the patient’s therapeutic experience.”
BackgroundFord, T. J., Buchanan, D. M., Azeez, A., Benrimoh, D. A., Kaloiani, I., Bandeira, I. D., Hunegnaw, S. A., Lan, L., Gholmieh, M., Buch, V., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1146806 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Rogan, J., Bucci, S., & Firth, J. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/49577 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“In addition, digital tools that allow for passive sensing can support service users’self-management of symptoms and access to digitally delivered therapies [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDavies, J. N., Faschinger, A., Galante, J., & Dam, N. T. V. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64562-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The use of 32,33,53 , and research into 31 meditation apps has increased sharply in recent years, with recent cross-sectional data suggesting that between 58–75% of meditators in the US have used a meditation app at least once, with 21–23% using them regularly 43,45,52 .”
BackgroundSmith, A., Hachen, S., Schleifer, R., Bhugra, D., Buadze, A., & Liebrenz, M. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231178451 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Albeit nascent in their development and with attendant limitations (Deshpande & Warren, 2021; Torous et al., 2021), chatbots could assist with various psychiatric disorders (e.g. Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2019; B. Sharma et al., 2018).”
BackgroundVolpe, U., Orsolini, L., Salvi, V., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B., Luciano, M., Menculini, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031539 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“In addition, a positive correlation was found between the IAT, IGDS and BSMS, by underlining the potential mediatory role of the internet in incenting online addictive behaviors such as PVGD and social media addiction [70].”
BackgroundLee, H. S., Wright, C., Ferranto, J., Buttimer, J., Palmer, C. E., Welchman, A., Mazor, K. M., Fisher, K. A., Smelson, D., O’Connor, L., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1505024 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hipgrave, L., Goldie, J., Dennis, S. J., & Coleman, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1606291 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chung, O. S., Robinson, T., Johnson, A. M., Dowling, N. L., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.791123 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“the potential consumer benefits, may also alleviate identified workforce concerns by reinforcing professional values, including altruistic motivations to help patients (21, 47, 53).”
BackgroundBell, I. H., Eisner, E., Allan, S., Cartner, S., Torous, J. B., Bucci, S., & Thomas, N. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad127 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“5 15 EMA has been used within psychosis research for several decades.”
MethodSelf-citationCOVID-19 and the global acceleration of digital psychiatry
Stein, D. J., Naslund, J. A., & Bantjes, J. R. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00474-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Evaluating Digital Health Services Quality via Social Media
Liu, Y., Wang, X., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhao, S., Devici, M., Jin, L., & Skibniewski, M. J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2023.3298906 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Different components of cognitive-behavioral therapy affect specific cognitive mechanisms
Norbury, A., Hauser, T. U., Fleming, S. M., Dolan, R. J., & Huys, Q. J. M. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk3222 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“In conclusion, digital therapies can help reduce the treatment gap in mental health service provision ( 58 , 59 ), in particular for un-derserved populations ( 60 ).”
Luciano, M., Vincenzo, M. D., Brandi, C., Tretola, L., Toricco, R., Perris, F., Volpicelli, A., Torella, M., Verde, M. L., Fiorillo, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1082762 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Büscher, R., Beisemann, M., Doebler, P., Micklitz, H. M., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Cuijpers, P. J., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., Christensen, H. M., Jaegere, E. D., et al. (2022) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2022-300540 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fong, T. C. T., & Yip, P. S. F. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231174376 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“From the practical perspective, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in shifts in the help-seeking behaviors (Junus et al., 2023; Yonemoto & Kawashima, 2023) and rapid expansion in telehealth and mhealth technologies (Torous et al., 2021).”
BackgroundStamatis, C. A., Meyerhoff, J., Meng, Y., Lin, Z. C. C., Cho, Y. M., Liu, T., Karr, C. J., Liu, T., Curtis, B. L., Ungar, L., et al. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00041-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The role of gamification in digital mental health
Fleming, T., Poppelaars, M., & Thabrew, H. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21041 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cameron, G., Mulvenna, M. D., Ennis, E., O’Neill, S. M., Bond, R., Cameron, D., & Bunting, A. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/67785 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Implementation of evidence-based digital mental health interventions into real-world care is therefore lacking, resulting in the need to prioritize research exploring workflow considerations [6].”
Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
Mundt, A. P., Rozas-Serri, E., Beigel, L., Irarrázaval, M., Cabieses, B., V, & Baranyi, G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99967-0.00193-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events in clinical trials of mental health apps
Linardon, J., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Firth, J., Goldberg, S. B., Anderson, C., McClure, Z., & Torous, J. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01388-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationFeng, T., Wang, B., Mi, M., Ren, L., Wu, L., Wang, H., Liu, X., & Wang, X. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41869 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
LLMs for Financial Advisement: A Fairness and Efficacy Study in Personal Decision Making
Lakkaraju, K., Jones, S. E., Vuruma, S. K. R., Pallagani, V., Muppasani, B. C., & Srivastava, B. (2023) · 4th ACM International Conference on AI in Finance · doi:10.1145/3604237.3626867 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Lastly, [24] provides a comprehensive update on the overall field of digital psychiatry, including using chatbots.”
BackgroundRoy, A., Hoge, E. A., Abrante, P., Druker, S., Liu, T., & Brewer, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26987 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Digitalized transcranial electrical stimulation: A consensus statement
Brunoni, A. R., Ekhtiari, H., Antal, A., Auvichayapat, P., Baeken, C., Benseñor, I. M., Bikson, M., Boggio, P. S., Borroni, B., Brighina, F., et al. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.08.018 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Smith, K., Hardy, A., Vinnikova, A., Blease, C., Milligan, L., Hidalgo‐Mazzei, D., Lambe, S., Marzano, L., Uhlhaas, P. J., Ostinelli, E. G., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/57155 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The concept of optimal use may be a more representative indicator but needs to be defined a priori in research studies [38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKozelka, E. E., Acquilano, S. C., Al‐Abdulmunem, M., Guarino, S., Elwyn, G. J., Drake, R. E., & Carpenter-Song, E. A. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100241 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
McClure, Z., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Messer, M., & Linardon, J. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24078 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationAssche, E. V., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Pariante, C. M., Sforzini, L., Young, A. H., Flossbach, Y., Gold, S. M., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Baune, B. T., & Maron, E. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.05.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder
McIntyre, R. S., Greenleaf, W., Bulaj, G., Taylor, S. T., Mitsi, G., Saliu, D., Czysz, A., Silvesti, G., Garcia, M., & Jain, R. (2023) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852923002225 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“70 71-73 There are also opportunities to develop online and mobile apps for the prevention of depression.”
BackgroundThe Digital Navigator: Standardizing Human Technology Support in App-Integrated Clinical Care
Chen, K., Lane, E., Burns, J., Macrynikola, N., Chang, S. M., & Torous, J. B. (2024) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2024.0023 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“21,22 The digital navigator can help ensure that everyone now has access to digital literacy so that they can use their devices for health and can help focus on the right apps that are safer and more effective, all while driving engagement.”
Self-citationSelaskowski, B., Steffens, M., Schulze, M., Lingen, M., Aslan, B., Rosén, H., Kannen, K., Wiebe, A., Wallbaum, T., Boll, S. C., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114802 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Qin, X., Liu, C., Zhu, W. D., Chen, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416824 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Although app-based programs provide accessible and scalable mental health interventions, the low user engagement of the programs is still an issue [41].”
BackgroundThe Role of Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health: A Review
Shimada, K. (2023) · Science Insights · doi:10.15354/si.23.re820 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Through the examination of extensive amounts of data, encompassing social media posts, internet behaviors, and physiological measurements, AI systems possess T the capability to discern nuanced patterns and indicators linked to diverse mental diseases (1).”
BackgroundStroud, A. M., Curtis, S., Weir, I. B., Stout, J., Barry, B. A., Bobo, W. V., Athreya, A. P., & Sharp, R. R. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/64414 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Torous, J., Bucci, S., Bell, I. H., Kessing, L. V., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Whelan, P., Carvalho, A. F., Keshavan, M., Linardon, J., & Firth, J.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Deakin University (AU)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-09-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 318-335
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC8429349
- OpenAlex
- W3197232629
- Cited by
- 1,199
- References
- 227
- Citations by year
- 2026: 314 · 2025: 328 · 2024: 236 · 2023: 206 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 123.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- American Psychiatric Association Foundation
- UK Research and Innovation (P123958)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR300794)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH116130)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- digital psychiatry, mental health apps, virtual reality, chatbots, social media, digital phenotyping, artificial intelligence, telemedicine, remote intervention, i-PARIHS framework, implementation research, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, psychosis, eating disorders, substance use disorders, child and adolescent mental health, early intervention
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