Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions.

May combine two claims.

The remaining three reviews, which included adults and adolescents, found that cross-sectional designs, retrospective reporting, and small mixed associations were the norm and limited reliable conclusions.

“Conclusions were consistent with those summarized for the adolescent populations above in that cross-sectional research designs, retrospective reporting of symptoms and digital technology usage, and small and mixed patterns of associations were the norm and often limiting factors in drawing reliable conclusions in this area (Baker & Algorta, 2016; Seabrook et al., 2016).”

• cites Baker & Algorta, 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Seabrook et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusions (no page given) describe predominantly self-report, cross-sectional methods and mixed findings. The Discussion’s Implications and Future Directions section says participants’ estimates of SNS behavior may introduce retrospective bias. Our copy does not establish that associations were generally small or that symptom reporting was retrospective, so those parts are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Reducing complex experiences to a single index of retrospective self-reported screen time does not correspond well with objective measures of time online; correlations between objective and retrospective screen time are estimated at about r = .20.

“Finally, reducing a complex and multi-dimensional set of experiences into a single index of retrospective self-reports of the amount of time that youth spend in front of screens does not correspond well with objective measures of time spent online (correlations between objectively measured and retrospectively reported screen time are estimated to be ~r = .20 (Ellis, 2019)).”

• cites Ellis, 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Seabrook et al.'s review found eight small positive associations and twice as many nonsignificant associations between frequency or time on social networking sites and depression.

“in a 2016 review examining the association between frequency or time spent on SNS and depression, eight reported small positive associations, while twice as many found nonsignificant associations (Seabrook, Kern, & Rickard, 2016).”

• cites Seabrook, Kern, & Rickard, 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section, under “Frequency of Social Networking Site Use” (page unavailable), reports that 8 studies found a positive association between frequency or time spent on SNSs and depression, while 16 found a nonsignificant association. It does not describe the eight positive associations as small. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Not yet classified.

Seabrook et al. concluded that inconsistency and lack of reproducible findings suggest any association between social media and depression is likely conditional on moderating factors and sensitive to usage patterns, pre-existing vulnerabilities, and context.

“The authors concluded that the inconsistency across studies and lack of common themes or reproducible findings when varying measures of SNS use were employed suggested that any association between social media and depression is likely to be conditional on a number of moderating factors and sensitive to variations in usage patterns, pre-existing vulnerabilities, and context.”

• cites Seabrook et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion ('Mixed Results and Nonpredictors' and 'Cognitive Aspects as Mechanisms and Moderators'; page not provided) reports mixed findings and says that functions of use and moderating factors matter more than total use frequency. However, the Results ('Summary of Findings'; page not provided) explicitly identifies several general themes, contrary to the claimed lack of common themes, and the supplied passages do not establish a lack of reproducible findings. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

In prior research with adolescents at risk for substance use and externalizing problems, more time online, more texting, and a greater number of texts sent were associated with less same-day anxiety.

“more time spent online, texting, and a greater number of texts sent were associated with less same day anxiety”

• cites George et al., 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

In a preregistered UK study, across models the results were inconsistent, tended to be conditional on gender with more likelihood among females, and varied widely depending on how the data were analyzed.

“results were inconsistent, tended by be conditional (more likely to be present among females) on gender, with results that varied widely depending on how the data were analyzed.”

• cites Orben, Dienlin, & Przybylski, 2019 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

These methods reduce recall bias inherent in retrospective self-reports and facilitate more accurate assessments of time allocation and mental health symptoms over the day.

“More specially, these methods have been shown to reduce the recall bias that is inherent in retrospective self-reports of experiences (which as detailed above is quite poor for estimates of time spent using technology; Ellis, 2019) and facilitate more accurate assessments of time allocation and mental health symptoms over the course of the day.”

• cites Ellis, 2019 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Adolescents struggling with offline mental health problems are more likely to seek out more negative online content and to spend more time passively lurking rather than engaging with others online.

“adolescents struggling with offline mental health problems are more likely to seek out more negative online content and spend more time passively ‘lurking’ versus engaging with others in online spaces”

• cites Underwood & Ehrenreich, 2017 sourcePartly supported

  In “Less Obvious Forms of Digital Harm” (page unavailable), the paper reports that passive Facebook use was associated with depressive symptoms for girls and suggests that adolescents with offline peer problems may be especially vulnerable to the effects of lurking. It does not establish that adolescents with pre-existing mental health problems spend more time lurking than engaging, or that they seek out negative content. In “What Can Psychologists Learn by Examining the Content of Digital Communication?” (page unavailable), girls with internalizing symptoms were more likely to post negative affect—an active behavior. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Przybylski and Weinstein's preregistered study of over 120,000 English adolescents found no robust associations between mental well-being and moderate digital technology use, with measurable albeit small negative associations (less than 1% variance explained) for high engagement.

“In a related 2017 preregistered study of over 120,000 English adolescents, the authors found no robust associations between mental well-being and moderate use of digital technology (which characterizes use by most adolescents), with a measurable ‘albeit small’ negative associations (less than 1% of the variation explained) for those with high levels of engagement (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2017).”

• cites Przybylski & Weinstein, 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Effect sizes explaining less than 1% (or 0.5%) of variance in mental health outcomes are not clinically or practically significant.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

That study concluded that the Facebook-use effect was not attributable to loneliness and was not moderated by other risk factors.

“This study concluded that this effect was not attributable to loneliness, nor was it moderated by other risk factors.”

• cites Kross et al., 2013 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The UK study authors concluded that over time the associations were likely reciprocal, small at best, stronger for females, and largely dependent on the analytic approach used.

“over time, associations were likely to be reciprocal, small at best, stronger for females and largely dependent on the analytic approach adopted when analyzing the data.”

• cites Orben, Dienlin, & Przybylski, 2019 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

In that UK study, most reported associations were small, and with stringent statistical controls the associations did not differ significantly from zero in over half of the fitted models.

“Most reported associations were small (‘arguably trivial’ as characterized by the authors) and in cases where stringent statistical controls were used, associations did not differ significantly from zero in over half of the models that were fit to the data.”

• cites Orben, Dienlin, & Przybylski, 2019 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Many studies report positive associations and substantial overlap between adolescents' online and offline interactions and relationship quality.

“Many studies now report positive associations and substantial overlap between adolescents online and offline interactions and relationship quality.”

• cites George & Odgers, 2015 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Digital tools offer the promise of taking evidence-based interventions to scale, reducing disparities in access to effective treatments and supports, and removing barriers to treatment resources.

“Digital tools offer the promise of taking evidence-based interventions to scale, reducing disparities in access to effective treatments and supports, and removing barriers to treatment resources”

• cites Lind et al., 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Motivation section (page unavailable) describes mobile interventions as promising and calls for interventions that are scalable and can reach people outside traditional mental health care. It does not say that digital tools reduce disparities in access or remove barriers to treatment resources; its proposed tool primarily assesses risk rather than delivering evidence-based treatment. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Online social networking site use tends to be associated with more internalizing when it is excessive, reduces in-person interactions, or involves negative interactions or social comparisons.

“tends to be associated with more internalizing in instances when it is excessive, reduces time spent in in-person interactions, and in which interactions are negative or involve social comparisons”

• cites Clark, Algoe, & Green, 2018 sourcePartly supported

  In “Associations Between Use of Social Network Sites and Lower Well-Being” (page unavailable), the paper links social comparison to depression and non-interactive use to loneliness. It does not establish that excessive use or negative interactions, as such, are associated with more internalizing; its discussion of displaced face-to-face socializing concerns earlier Internet use rather than social network sites specifically. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Seabrook et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion’s Principal Findings link negative interactions, frequent social comparison, and addictive or problematic SNS use to higher depression and anxiety. The paper does not establish that SNS use is associated with more internalizing specifically when it reduces time spent interacting in person; its discussion of unmet face-to-face needs concerns a possible motive for problematic use, not displacement of in-person time. It also distinguishes problematic use from total time spent on SNSs, for which findings were mixed. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Most research on digital technology and adolescent mental health has been correlational, focused more on adults than adolescents, and has produced a mix of small positive, negative, and null associations.

“The review highlights that most research to date has been correlational, focused on adults versus adolescents, and has generated a mix of often conflicting small positive, negative and null associations.”

May combine two claims.

Across the 29 studies reviewed in Table 1, only two included objective or informant-rated measures of screen time or social media usage, and most did not go beyond time-based summaries.

“Across the 29 studies reviewed in Table 1, only two included objective or informant-rated measures of screen time or social media usage, and the majority did not go beyond relying on time-based summaries (e.g., 2 hr per day online) to characterize usage.”

May combine two claims.

Of 29 adolescent-focused studies in Table S1, only 4 (14%) were longitudinal and only two included an experimental or quasi-experimental design.

“Of the 29 studies included in Table S1, only 4 (14%) are longitudinal and only two studies included an experimental or quasi-experimental design.”

May combine two claims.

When associations between time online and internalizing symptoms exist, they are likely too small to be practically or clinically meaningful, explain less than 0.5% of symptom variance, are poorly adjusted for confounders, and almost always come from correlational designs.

“when present, are likely too small to translate into practically or clinically meaningful effects (explaining less than 0.5% of the variance in symptoms with poor adjustment for relevant confounding factors and estimates that are virtually always derived from correlation designs)”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Effect sizes explaining less than 1% (or 0.5%) of variance in mental health outcomes are not clinically or practically significant.

May combine two claims.

Most studies to date have relied on relatively small, nonrepresentative samples, limiting generalizability and adequately powered interaction tests.

“Third, most studies to date have relied on relatively small, nonrepresentative samples, which limits the ability to both generalize back to the larger population of adolescents and to conduct adequately powered interaction tests to identify which subpopulations may be most at risk”

May combine two claims.

Most empirical research on effects of digital technologies on well-being has focused on young children or adults, and the early adolescent period has been neglected.

“Fourth, while a significant amount of time has been spent discussing issues related to negative impacts of digital technologies on adolescents, most empirical research on the effects of digital technologies on well-being has focused on young children or adults (as evidenced by the small number of studies that met inclusion for the quantitative analyses above). More specifically, the early adolesc”

May combine two claims.

The most recent and rigorous large-scale preregistered studies report small associations between daily digital technology usage and adolescent well-being; these associations do not distinguish cause from effect and are unlikely to be clinically or practically significant.

“The most recent and rigorous large-scale preregistered studies report small associations between the amount of daily digital technology usage and adolescents’ well-being that do not offer a way of distinguishing cause from effect and, as estimated, are unlikely to be of clinical or practical significance.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Effect sizes explaining less than 1% (or 0.5%) of variance in mental health outcomes are not clinically or practically significant.

May combine two claims.

In that ecological momentary assessment study, the associations that were observed between technology use and mental health were small and ran opposite to the direction expected from concerns about digital technology harming adolescents.

“When associations were observed, they were small and in the opposite direction that would be expected given recent concerns about digital technology damaging adolescents’ mental health.”

May combine two claims.

A review of existing research demonstrates inconsistent and primarily small associations between quantity of digital technology usage and mental health, with no way to discern cause from effect.

“However, a review of the existing research demonstrates inconsistent and primarily small associations between the quantity of digital technology usage and mental health, with no way to discern cause from effect.”

May combine two claims.

None of the studies reviewed tested, or were powered to test, whether associations differed by developmental stage; when adolescence was considered separately, adolescents were treated as a homogenous group.

“None of the studies reviewed above tested, or were powered to test, whether associations differed by developmental stage. Instead, when adolescence was considered separately, adolescents were treated as a homogenous group.”

May combine two claims.

At present, narrative reviews and meta-analytic work do not support causal claims, or even strong and consistent correlational patterns, linking adolescents' digital technology usage with mental health problems.

“At present, narrative reviews and meta-analytic work do not support causal claims, or even strong and consistent correlational patterns, linking adolescents’ digital technology usage with mental health problems.”

May combine two claims.

Diary and EMA studies are converging on similar findings as reviews, with small associations that vary in direction between positive, negative, and null.

“Studies that have followed adolescents intensively using diary studies or Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) are also converging on a similar set of findings as those reviewed above, with small associations that vary in direction between positive, negative and null.”

May combine two claims.

The Danish Facebook break study's validity and generalizability to adolescents are limited because participants were unpaid adult volunteers recruited via Facebook ads, 86% women, average age 48, and not blind to condition.

“However, the validity of this study and generalizability to adolescents is limited due to the fact that participants were unpaid adult volunteers recruited via Facebook ads, 86% of whom were women with an average age of 48 years, and all of whom were not blind to their condition prior to reporting on whether their mental health had improved after giving up Facebook.”

• cites Tromholt, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Selective sampling and recruitment limits generalizability and has resulted in conclusions drawn almost exclusively from WEIRD societies, likely skewing conclusions to a minority of adolescents worldwide.

“This type of selective sampling and recruitment limits the generalizability of research findings and has resulted in conclusions being drawn almost exclusively from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) societies, an approach that is likely to heavily skew conclusions about potential impacts on adolescent mental health to a minority of adolescents worldwide (Henrich, Heine”

• cites Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Keles et al.'s systematic review of 13 studies (12 cross-sectional) found a general pattern of associations between social media usage and mental health problems, but methodological limitations limited conclusions.

“Again, the authors observed a general pattern of associations between social media usage and mental health problems, but noted that methodological limitations, the reliance on cross-sectional designs, and failure to include relevant mediators and moderators of associations, limited conclusions that could be drawn about the nature of this association.”

• cites Keles, McCrae, & Grealish, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Screen time measures are typically gathered via retrospective self-reports, introducing recall bias, and are assessed alongside self-reported mental health, introducing common method or rater bias.

“In addition, screen time measures are typically gathered via retrospective self-reports from youth, which introduces recall bias, and are assessed alongside self-reported measures of mental health, which introduces common method or rater bias (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003) into the research design and analysis.”

• cites Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Best et al.'s systematic narrative review of 43 studies found contradictory evidence of mixed, null, and positive associations between online communication/social media and well-being, and emphasized the lack of robust causal research.

“Across studies, they observed contradictory evidence of mixed, null, and positive associations and emphasized the lack of robust causal research regarding the impact of social media on mental well-being among young people.”

• cites Best and colleagues (2014)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Currently, most adolescents are online and typically connect with friends and family they know offline.

“Today, the majority of adolescents are online, typically connecting with offline friends and family (Reich, Subrahmanyam, & Espinoza, 2012).”

• cites Reich, Subrahmanyam, & Espinoza, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Youth from more supportive and well-resourced homes are more likely to receive adult scaffolding and to have more positive online experiences.

“youth from more supportive and well-resourced homes are more likely to receive more scaffolding from adults and have more positive experiences online”

• cites Mascheroni & Ólafsson, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Kreski et al. analyzed 8th and 10th grade students across 2009-2017; after adjusting for confounding and stratifying by depression propensity, the most consistent association was that girls (not boys) with lowest depression propensity had slightly increased risk for depressive symptoms with daily social media use.

“The most consistent associations observed, after adjusting for confounding and stratifying by depression propensity, indicated that girls (but not boys) who had the lowest propensity for depression had slightly increased risk for depressive symptoms with daily social media use exposure.”

• cites Kreski et al., submittedNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In an ecological momentary assessment of adults, momentary supportive online interactions were associated with momentary positive affect.

“momentary supportive online interactions were associated with momentary positive effect”

• cites Oh, Ozkaya, LaRose, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Orben and Przybylski's specification curve analysis across three national data sources (N > 350,000) found that choices in specifying variables can generate many effect sizes, with the most likely association exceedingly small and explaining a small portion of variance in well-being.

“Using specification curve analysis across three national data sources of adolescents (N > 350,0000), two based in the United States and one in the UK, Orben and Przybylski (2019) demonstrated that choices related to the specification of variables capturing digital technology use, adolescent well-being, and confounders can generate a myriad of effect sizes, with the most likely association being ex”

• cites Orben and Przybylski (2019)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Longitudinal research shows that children with higher-quality social relationships were more likely to become more frequent users of online communication as adolescents and in turn to have more cohesive offline and online friendships.

“longitudinal research has shown that children with higher quality social relationships (e.g., better reported relationships with friends, caregivers, siblings, and teachers) were more likely to become more frequent users of online communication as adolescents (email, chats, or messaging) and, in turn, have more cohesive offline and online friendships”

• cites Lee, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

While social media usage and depression both increased over the last decade in the US, the linkage between them is mostly nonexistent, and when associations are detected, evidence indicates they have become weaker over time.

“Thus, while social media usage and depression have been both increasing over the last decade in the United States, the linkage between the two is mostly nonexistent, and when associations are detected, evidence indicates that they have become weaker over time.”

May combine two claims.

To date, study designs and analytic approaches in this field have not been sufficient to support causal claims or to warrant widespread panic about smartphones, social media, and adolescent mental health.

“the study designs and analytic approaches in this field have not been sufficient to support causal claims nor do they warrant the widespread panic related to smartphones, social media and adolescent mental health.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In that adult ecological momentary assessment, momentary supportive online interactions were not related to momentary negative affect.

“but were not related to momentary negative affect”

• cites Oh, Ozkaya, LaRose, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Diary and EMA designs allow in-the-moment data capture, enhance recall, and produce more reliable and complete data on daily experiences.

“Diary and EMA research designs allow for ‘in the moment’ data capture as young people report on their lived and recent experience and, more generally, enhance recall and produce more reliable and complete data on daily experiences (Shiffman, Stone, & Hufford, 2008).”

• cites Shiffman, Stone, & Hufford, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Recent reporting from these same data acknowledges that results are highly dependent on model specification and that associations are greatly reduced after considering confounders and alternative specifications.

“there has been an acknowledgement that results are highly dependent on how the models are specified and that associations are greatly reduced once potential confounders and alternative specifications are considered.”

• cites Kreski et al., submittedNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Orben & Przybylski, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Not yet classified.

Recent analyses of these data communicated that there is no evidence of practically meaningful linkages between social media and contemporary adolescents' depressive symptoms.

“the message communicated from the recent analyses based on these data has been that there is no evidence of practically meaningful linkages between social media and contemporary adolescents’ depressive symptoms.”

• cites Kreski et al., submittedNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Orben & Przybylski, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the Monitoring the Future Study, as in most reviewed studies, cause and effect could not be distinguished.

“there was no way to sort out cause from effect in this study.”

• cites Twenge et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This contrast in communication raises questions about responsible and reproducible reporting of findings with public health importance from large public-use databases.

“raises a number of questions related to the responsible and reproducible reporting of findings with public health importance from large, public use databases.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Adolescents engage with multiple social media platforms that can change rapidly over time, creating challenges for researchers trying to capture their online interactions and experiences.

“Adolescents are also engaging with multiple social media platforms which can change rapidly over time, creating challenges for researchers trying to capture the complex nature of their interactions and experiences in the online world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Screen time is no longer a useful construct, but it still dominates research and public discourse.

“Screen time is no longer a useful construct, but it still dominates research and public discourse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Digital technologies provide new opportunities to support all adolescents, especially vulnerable ones.

“Digital technologies provide new opportunities to support all, but especially vulnerable, adolescents”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There have been unprecedented and rapid changes in how adolescents spend their time, connect to the world, and communicate with each other.

“Digitally, there have been unprecedented and rapid changes in how adolescents spend their time, connect to the world, and communicate with each other.”

May combine two claims.

Research since that time has been mostly correlational, tends to focus on adults rather than adolescents, and has generated a mix of small positive, negative, and null associations.

“Research since that time has been mostly correlational, tends to focus on adults versus adolescents and has generated a mix of small positive, negative, and null associations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Digital devices and their affordances are especially strong attractors for young people given their heightened need for affiliation, social approval, and novelty seeking.

“digital devices, and the affordances that they provide, are especially strong attractors for young people given their heighted need for affiliation, social approval, and novelty seeking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Digital technologies are likely to provide affordances that could be used to maintain and strengthen offline relationships, but relatively few evidence-based intervention efforts currently exist.

“Digital technologies are likely to provide a number of affordances that could be used to maintain and strengthen offline relationships, but relatively few evidence-based intervention efforts currently exist.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The traditional digital divide refers to differential access to new technologies; that gap still exists but is shrinking in many countries.

“Traditionally, the ‘digital divide’ has referred to differential access to new technologies. That gap still exists, but in many countries, it is shrinking”

• cites OECD, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Most attention given to adolescents' digital technology usage and mental health has focused on negative effects and has been based on weak correlational data.

“most of the attention given to adolescents’ digital technology usage and mental health has focused on negative effects and has been based on weak correlational data.”

May combine two claims.

Peer-to-peer training and supports, online support and referral systems, and translation of evidence-based therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy into digital formats have provided proof of principle that digital technologies can be used to connect to and support young people.

“Peer-to-peer training and supports (e.g., mental health first aid), online support and referral systems (e.g., seven Cups of Tea) and the translation of evidence-based therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, into digital format and delivery systems, has provided proof of principal that digital technologies can be used to connect to and support young people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Clinicians, parents, and researchers can now connect with adolescents where they spend much of their time and reach young people who may otherwise never enter a clinic or research laboratory.

“clinicians, parents and researchers can now connect with adolescents where they spend much of their time and reach young people who may otherwise never enter a clinic or research laboratory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The rapid adoption of new digital technologies may amplify existing inequalities in adolescent mental health and well-being.

“The rapid adoption of new digital technologies may amplify existing inequalities in adolescent mental health and well-being.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Over the past decade, the rapid uptake of social media has fueled fears that social media platforms are causing serious mental health problems.

“Over the past decade the rapid uptake of social media has fueled fears that social media platforms are causing serious mental health problems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Historically, the introduction of new technologies has tended to benefit those best positioned to take advantage of their affordances.

“Historically, the introduction of new technologies have tended to benefit those who are best positioned to take advantage of the affordances that they provide.”

May combine two claims.

Supportive peers and networks carry important protective effects for young people's mental health, and there is increasing evidence that online communication may be a critical way peer-to-peer support and communication occurs among adolescents.

“Supportive peers and networks carry important protective effects for young people’s mental health, and there is increasing evidence that online communication may be a critical way that peer-to-peer support and communication occurs among adolescents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Mobile device ownership and social media use have reached unprecedented levels among adolescents.

“Mobile device ownership and social media use have reached unprecedented levels among adolescents.”