Evaluation of behavioral factors influencing reproductive success and failure in captive giant pandas
Abstract
The giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) breeding center in Wolong, China, has experienced a recent dramatic increase in reproduction, with the population nearly tripling in the past 7 years. Much of this success comes from the development of behavioral management strategies, guided by the application of scientific knowledge. Here we present statistics that illuminate where reproductive problems have occurred, and discuss remedial actions taken with individual animals. During each year of this study (1996–2000), 93% of the females experienced estrus, 72% copulated, and 51% gave birth. Two‐thirds of the males mated each year. Most instances of mating failure were attributed to male behavior. In nearly half of mating failures, the male mounted but did not copulate. In about one‐third of mating failures, the male lacked sexual motivation, and showed excessive aggression 20% of the time. The males varied, and some were more likely to show interest in estrous females in neighboring enclosures and/or mate successfully during introductions. Copulation time was unrelated to reproductive success, but more insemination events (matings and artificial inseminations (AIs) combined) may be related to twinning. We suspect that temperament, stress, and husbandry practices play a role in isolated cases of reproductive failure in females, both pre‐ and postcopulation. Pregnancy or conception failure occurred in 35% of females inseminated naturally or through artificial insemination (AI). Beh…
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Husbandry practices and management influence breeding success.
“Equipped with the knowledge that husbandry practices and management influence breeding success [72,73], promoting good wellbeing in all animals involved in conservation breeding programs is a priority to fulfil the shared goals of optimal animal wellbeing and conservation success.”
From The Concept of Agency, Animal Wellbeing, and the Practical Realities of Ex Situ Breeding Programs in Zoos and Aquariums (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Zhang, G., Swaisgood, R. R., & Zhang, H.
- Affiliations
- Zoological Society of San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Swaisgood, Ronald R.
- Venue
- Zoo Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-31
- ISSN
- 0733-3188 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2361
- OpenAlex
- W1974058066
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 10.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Zoo Biology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- giant panda, captive breeding, reproductive success, mating failure, male behavior, estrus, artificial insemination, miscarriage, twin births, behavior management, enrichment, olfactory communication
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