Regulation of the HPA axis by cytokines.
Abstract
Cytokines are a group of polypeptide mediators, classically associated with the regulation of immunity and inflammation. However, these peptides regulate not only local immune/inflammatory responses, but also elicit many CNS-mediated responses which accompany such immune/inflammatory reactions. This article reviews the evidence that interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) produce hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in response to various threats to homeostasis. To aid such an examination, and to gain insights into the potential mechanisms by which these cytokines influence the HPA axis, experimental findings are discussed within a framework of criteria. If a particular cytokine plays a significant role in the regulation of the HPA axis in response to a particular pathophysiology, then necessarily: (1) receptors for that cytokine should be present within tissues associated with the HPA axis; (2) administration of that cytokine should elicit HPA activation; (3) the HPA axis should be exposed to that cytokine; and (4) inhibition of the action of that cytokine should prevent HPA activation. The evidence discussed indicates that some, if not all, of these criteria are met for each of IL-1, IL-6, and TNFalpha. However, the extensive interactions between different cytokines, the broad spectrum of pathophysiologies associated with increased cytokine production (including inflammatory and non-inflammatory stresses), and the number of tissues/cells capable of either synthesizing or responding to cytokines, suggest that multiple mechanisms mediate the influence of cytokines on the HPA axis.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Behavioral changes induced by immune activation include psychomotor slowing, social withdrawal, anhedonia, depressed mood, and disturbed sleep architecture, collectively termed sickness behavior.
“Behavioral changes induced by immune activation include symptoms such as psychomotor slowing, social withdrawal, anhedonia, depressed mood, and disturbed sleep architecture, collectively termed “sickness behavior” [4], [5], [6].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
HPA system activation with increased levels of cortisol and corticotropin releasing hormone have also been suggested to play a role in depressive symptoms and in mediating inflammatory effects on mood and anxiety.
“HPA system activation with increased levels of cortisol and corticotropin releasing hormone have also been suggested to play a role in depressive symptoms and in mediating inflammatory effects on mood and anxiety [6], [28], [37], [63].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action
TURNBULL, A. V., & RIVIER, C. L. (1999) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.1 · Cited by 1,297 · see citing works
Self-citationIntraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis.
Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., Hinson, J. P., Bornstein, S. R., Scherbaum, W. A., & Vinson, G. P. (1998) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.19.2.0326 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N. L., Magnavita, N., & Scoditti, E. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
The HPA axis dysregulation in severe mental illness: Can we shift the blame to gut microbiota?
Misiak, B., Łoniewski, I., Marlicz, W., Frydecka, D., Szulc, A., Rudzki, L., & Samochowiec, J. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109951 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Immune suppression and immune activation in depression
Blume, J., Douglas, S. D., & Evans, D. L. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.008 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Effects of cytokines and infections on brain neurochemistry
Dunn, A. J. (2006) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.cnr.2006.04.002 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
The immune system, depression and the action of antidepressants
Leonard, B. E. (2001) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00155-5 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The Impact of Systemic Inflammation on Neurodevelopment
Jiang, N. M., Cowan, M. N., Moonah, S. N., & Petri, W. A. (2018) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.06.008 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Haack, M., Hinze‐Selch, D., Fenzel, T., Kraus, T., Kühn, M., Schuld, A., & Pollmächer, T. (1999) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(99)00021-7 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Trauma of major surgery: A global problem that is not going away
Dobson, G. P. (2020) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.07.017 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Contributions of peripheral inflammation to seizure susceptibility: Cytokines and brain excitability
Riazi, K., Galic, M. A., & Pittman, Q. J. (2009) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.004 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Effects of social isolation on glucocorticoid regulation in social mammals
Hawkley, L. C., Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Norman, G. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.011 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Communication of gut microbiota and brain via immune and neuroendocrine signaling
Kasarełło, K., Cudnoch‐Jędrzejewska, A., & Czarzasta, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118529 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Cytokines in schizophrenia and the effects of antipsychotic drugs
Drzyzga, Ł. R., Obuchowicz, E., Marcinowska, A., & Herman, Z. S. (2006) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.02.002 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans
Grigoleit, J.-S., Kullmann, J. S., Wolf, O. T., Hammes, F., Wegner, A., Jablonowski, S., Engler, H., Gizewski, E., Oberbeck, R., & Schedlowski, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028330 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Interleukin-6 Concentrations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Baker, D. G., Ekhator, N. N., Kasckow, J. W., Hill, K. K., Zoumakis, E., Dashevsky, B. A., Chrousos, G. P., & Geracioti Jr., T. D. (2001) · Neuroimmunomodulation · doi:10.1159/000049028 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Cytokines, “depression due to a general medical condition”, and antidepressant drugs
Yirmiya, R., Weidenfeld, J., Pollak, Y., Morag, M., Morag, A., Avitsur, R., Barak, O., Reichenberg, A., Cohen, E., Shavit, Y., et al. (1999) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_16 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Henriquez, S., Brett, R. R., Alexander, J. K., Pratt, J. A., & Roberts, C. W. (2009) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000180267 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Mechanisms and Management of Toxicities Associated With High-Dose Interferon Alfa-2b Therapy
Kirkwood, J. M., Bender, C., Agarwala, S. S., Tarhini, A. A., Shipe-Spotloe, J. M., Smelko, B., Donnelly, S., & Stover, L. L. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2002.03.052 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Kunz, M., Ceresér, K. M. M., Goi, P. D., Fries, G. R., Teixeira, A. L., Fernandes, B. S., Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. S., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., Kapczinski, F. P., & Gama, C. S. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462011000300010 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Critical Neurotransmitters in the Neuroimmune Network
Hodo, T., de Aquino, M. T. P., Shimamoto, A., & Shanker, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01869 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine–immune interactions in fish: a role for interleukin-1
Engelsma, M. Y., Huising, M. O., van Muiswinkel, W. B., Flik, G., Kwang, J., Savelkoul, H. F. J., & Kemenade, B. M. L. V.-V. (2002) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00077-6 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Biomarkers of PTSD: Neuropeptides and immune signaling
Baker, D. G., Nievergelt, C. M., & O’Connor, D. T. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.027 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Zhang, Y.-P., Li, Y.-Y., Liu, B.-P., Wang, H.-Y., Li, K.-W., Zhao, S., & Song, C. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.001 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Interaction between endocrine and immune systems in fish
Yada, T., & Nakanishi, T. (2002) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(02)20003-0 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Delayed response and lack of habituation in plasma interleukin-6 to acute mental stress in men
von Känel, R., Kudielka, B. M., Preckel, D., Hanebuth, D., & Fischer, J. E. (2006) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.03.013 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Lu, M., Guo, H., Lin, M., Livneh, H., Lai, N., & Tsai, T. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20647 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Knijff, E. M., Breunis, M. N., Kupka, R., de Wit, H. J., Ruwhof, C., Akkerhuis, G. W., Nolen, W. A., & Drexhage, H. A. (2007) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00444.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
HPA-axis and inflammatory reactivity to acute stress is related with basal HPA-axis activity
Chen, X., Gianferante, D., Hanlin, L. C., Fiksdal, A. S., Breines, J. G., Thoma, M. V., & Rohleder, N. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.035 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Blandino, P., Barnum, C. J., Solomon, L. G., Larish, Y., Lankow, B. S., & Deak, T. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.04.013 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Cytokine Model of Schizophrenia: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
Girgis, R. R., Kumar, S. S., & Brown, A. S. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.002 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Allergic rhinitis: An update on disease, present treatments and future prospects
Mandhane, S. N., Shah, J. H., & Thennati, R. (2011) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.07.005 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Addressing the Global Burden of Trauma in Major Surgery
Dobson, G. P. (2015) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2015.00043 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Brunton, P. J., Meddle, S., Ma, S., Ochędalski, T., Douglas, A. J., & Russell, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0866-05.2005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Interleukin-2 and -6 induce behavioral-activating effects in mice
Zalcman, S., Murray, L., Dyck, D. G., Greenberg, A. H., & Nance, D. M. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00904-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Sharma, A. K., Basu, I., & Singh, S. (2017) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2017.0183 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Jong, E., Oudhoff, L. A., Epskamp, C., Wagener, M. N., van Duijn, M., Fischer, S., & van Gorp, E. C. (2010) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328339d004 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Lenczowski, M. J. P., Van Dam, A.-M., Poole, S., Larrick, J. W., & Tilders, F. J. H. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.6.r1870 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Jiao, W., Lin, J., Deng, Y., Ji, Y., Liang, C., Wei, S., Xi, J., & Yan, F. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03312-3 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Chesnokova, V., Auernhammer, C. J., & Melmed, S. K. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.5.6016 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Toxoplasmosis: A pathway to neuropsychiatric disorders
Tyebji, S., Seizova, S., Hannan, A. J., & Tonkin, C. J. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.012 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Breese, G. R., Knapp, D. J., Overstreet, D. H., Navarro, M., Wills, T. A., & Angel, R. A. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301468 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Ellis, S. L., Mouihate, A., & Pittman, Q. J. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-3569fje · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Hu, L., Shen, C.-C., Huang, M.-W., Tsai, S., Yang, A. C., Hu, C.-K., Perng, C., Huang, Y., & Hung, J.-H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133283 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Sprod, L. K., Palesh, O. G., Janelsins, M. C., Peppone, L. J., Heckler, C. E., Adams, M. J., Morrow, G. R., & Mustian, K. M. (2010) · Community Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1548-5315(11)70427-2 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Epigenetics in depression and gut-brain axis: A molecular crosstalk
Begum, N., Mandhare, A., Tryphena, K. P., Srivastava, S., Shaikh, M. F., Singh, S. B., & Khatri, D. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.1048333 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Sickness behaviors across vertebrate taxa: proximate and ultimate mechanisms
Lopes, P. C., French, S. S., Woodhams, D. C., & Binning, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.225847 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Kakizaki, Y., Watanobe, H., Kohsaka, A., & Suda, T. (1999) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.46.487 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Inserra, A., Mastronardi, C. A., Rogers, G. B., Licinio, J., & Wong, M. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1359-3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Turnbull, A. V., & Rivier, C. (1996) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.137.2.8593789 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationA nervous breakdown in the skin: stress and the epidermal barrier
Slominski, A. T. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci33508 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Stimulation by Immune Signals in the Adult Rata
Turnbull, A. V., Lee, S., & RIVIER, C. L. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09582.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, J.-K., Lee, K., Lee, S., Jang, H., & Kim, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00273 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Influence of Cytokines and Growth Factors on Distinct Steroidogenic Enzymesin Vitro
Herrmann, M., Schölmerich, J., & Straub, R. H. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04213.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cytomegalovirus and age
Stowe, R. P., Peek, M. K., Cutchin, M. P., & Goodwin, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.23397 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Metal-specific lymphocytes: biomarkers of sensitivity in man.
Stejskal, V. D. M., Danersund, A., Lindvall, A., Hudecek, R., Nordman, V., Yaqob, A., Mayer, W., Bieger, W. P., & Lindh, U. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Depression as an evolutionary strategy for defense against infection
Anders, S. L., Tanaka, M., & Kinney, D. K. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sex and gender in psychoneuroimmunology research: Past, present and future
Darnall, B. D., & Suarez, E. C. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.019 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Neurobiological studies on the relationship between toxoplasmosis and neuropsychiatric diseases
Fabiani, S., Pinto, B., Bonuccelli, U., & Bruschi, F. (2015) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.02.028 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Allergy: A risk factor for suicide?
Postolache, T. T., Komarow, H. D., & Tonelli, L. H. (2008) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-008-0039-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Connor, T. J., Harkin, A., Kelly, J. P., & Leonard, B. E. (1999) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000026417 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Patchev, V. K., & Patchev, A. V. (2006) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2006.8.4/vpatchev · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Picard, K., St‐Pierre, M., Vecchiarelli, H. A., Bordeleau, M., & Tremblay, M. (2021) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104987 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Neurobiological trait abnormalities in bipolar disorder
Langan, C., & McDonald, C. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2009.39 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Yun, S.-W., Kim, J.-K., Lee, K., Oh, Y. J., Choi, H., Han, M. J., & Kim, D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113441 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Modulation by Cytokines of Glucocorticoid Action
Angeli, A., Masera, R. G., Sartori, M. L., Fortunati, N., Racca, S., Dovio, A., Staurenghi, A., & Frairia, R. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07641.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Slominski, A. (2009) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08958.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Allen, C. D., Lee, S., Koob, G. F., & RIVIER, C. L. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.016 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationBrambilla, D., Franciosi, S., Opp, M. R., & Imeri, L. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05796.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Sixteenth Gaddum Memorial Lecture December 1996. Neuroimmune interactions: the role of cytokines
Rothwell, N. J. (1997) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701248 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Noisakran, S., Halford, W. P., Veress, L. A., & Carr, D. J. J. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5441 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Walker, A. K., Nakamura, T., & Hodgson, D. M. (2010) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.489977 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 increases sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulating effects of amphetamine in rats
Zalcman, S., Savina, I., & Wise, R. A. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02063-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Zager, A., Andersen, M. L., Lima, M. M. S., Reksidler, A. B., Machado, R. B., & Tufik, S. (2009) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.03.005 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for neuroendocrine-immune regulation
Ge, T., Yao, X., Zhao, H., Yang, W., Zou, X., Peng, F., Li, B., & Cui, R. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105909 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mutagenesis of the glucocorticoid receptor in mice
Kellendonk, C., Tronche, F., Reichardt, H. M., & Schütz, G. (1999) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(99)00041-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Experimental Immunomodulation, Sleep, and Sleepiness in Humans
Pollmächer, T., Schuld, A., Kraus, T., Haack, M., Hinze‐Selch, D., & Mullington, J. M. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05413.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Lipopolysaccharide-induced experimental immune activation does not impair memory functions in humans
Grigoleit, J.-S., Oberbeck, J. R., Lichte, P., Kobbe, P., Wolf, O. T., Montag, T., Rey, A. D., Gizewski, E. R., Engler, H., & Schedlowski, M. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.09.011 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Repeated predictable stress causes resilience against colitis-induced behavioral changes in mice
Hassan, A. M., Jain, P., Reichmann, F., Mayerhofer, R., Farzi, A., Schuligoi, R., & Holzer, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00386 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Diagnosis and treatment of metal-induced side-effects.
Stejskal, V. D. M., Hudecek, R., Stejskal, J., & Sterzl, I. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kanitz, E., Otten, W., & Tuchscherer, M. (2005) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.12.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Santarsieri, M., Kumar, R. G., Kochanek, P. M., Berga, S. L., & Wagner, A. K. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Peripheral toxicity in crack cocaine use disorders
Narvaez, J. C. D. M., Magalhães, P. V. D. S., Fries, G. R., Colpo, G. D., Czepielewski, L. S., Vianna, P., Chies, J. A. B., Rosa, A. R., DIEMEN, L. V., Vieta, E., et al. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.045 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Endocrine involvement in COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical features, and implications for care
Garg, M., Gopalakrishnan, M., Yadav, P., & Misra, S. (2020) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_440_20 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Stockhorst, U., Spennes-Saleh, S., Körholz, D., Göbel, U., Schneider, M. E., Steingrüber, H.-J., & Klosterhalfen, S. (2000) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1006/brbi.1999.0581 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Turnbull, A. V., & RIVIER, C. L. (1999) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000054475 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAuernhammer, C. J., Chesnokova, V., & Melmed, S. K. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.5.6017 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wang, L., Liu, L., Liu, X., & Yang, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71488-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
LeBlanc, M. M., Giguère, S., Lester, G. D., BRAUER, K., & Paccamonti, D. L. (2012) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00502.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Responses of the HPA axis after chronic variable stress: effects of novel and familiar stressors.
Simpkiss, J. L., & Devine, D. P. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effect of time-of-day of aerobic maximal exercise on the sleep quality of trained subjects
Souissi, M. A., Chtourou, H., Zrane, A., Cheikh, R. B., Dogui, M., Tabka, Z., & Souissi, N. (2011) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2011.589159 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dobson, G. P., Morris, J. L., & Letson, H. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.968453 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Roy, A., & Campbell, M. K. (2013) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v36i4.19951 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Turnbull, A. V., Pitossi, F. J., Lebrun, J. J., Lee, S., Meltzer, J. C., Nance, D. M., del Rey, A., Besedovsky, H. O., & RIVIER, C. L. (1997) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-09-03262.1997 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationOgilvie, K. M., Hales, K. H., Roberts, M. E., Hales, D. B., & RIVIER, C. L. (1999) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod60.2.527 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationHalpern, J. H., Sholar, M. B., Glowacki, J., Mello, N. K., Mendelson, J. H., & Siegel, A. J. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020804 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy
Wang, X., Wen, X., Yuan, S., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106499 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lindmark, S., Burén, J., & Eriksson, J. W. (2006) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02593.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Link Social Stress to Depression
Hollis, F., Pope, B. S., Gorman‐Sandler, E., & Wood, S. K. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_300 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mechanisms by which cytokines signal the brain
Dunn, A. J. (2002) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(02)52005-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Turnbull, A. V., & Rivier, C.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 253-275
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1963723844
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-51774, R01MH051774)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 26741, P01DK026741)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNF-α, neuroendocrine regulation, cytokine receptors, inflammation, stress response, homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Interleukin-1, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Neuroimmunomodulation, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Receptors, Cytokine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
