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Systems of Spatial Reference in Human Memory
Abstract
Seven experiments examined the spatial reference systems used in memory to represent the locations of objects in the environment. Participants learned the locations of common objects in a room and then made judgments of relative direction using their memories of the layout (e.g., "Imagine you are standing at the shoe, facing the lamp; point to the clock"). The experiments manipulated the number of views that observers were allowed to experience, the presence or absence of local and global reference systems (e.g., a rectangular mat on which objects were placed and the walls of the room, respectively), and the congruence of local and global reference systems. Judgments of relative direction were more accurate for imagined headings parallel to study views than for imagined headings parallel to novel views, even with up to three study views. However, study views misaligned with salient reference systems in the environment were not strongly represented if they were experienced in the context of aligned views. Novel views aligned with a local reference system were, under certain conditions, easier to imagine than were novel views misaligned with the local reference system. We propose that learning and remembering the spatial structure of the surrounding environment involves interpreting the layout in terms of a spatial reference system. This reference system is imposed on the environment but defined by egocentric experience.
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In the citing paper
“People perform better in judgment of relative direction tests when their heading direction is parallel to the study view than novel views (Shelton & McNamara, 2001).”
From This is not the way: global directional cues do not improve spatial learning in an immersive virtual environment (2025) · cites this paper as Shelton & McNamara, 2001
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Previous behavioral work with the JRD task has found evidence for coding of locations and directions in spatial reference frames aligned to local features of the environment such as room geometry or the arrangement of objects within a room (and also in frames aligned to egocentric axes when external features are absent)19, 20.”
From Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“suggesting that this direction served as a “conceptual north” within each environment19”
From Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In cases where subjects have experienced only one view of an environment, accuracy is greater and reaction times are faster for imagined views that face the same direction as the learned view, irrespective of the imagined location19.”
From Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In cases where subjects have learned multiple views of an environment, or have extensive experience over time, performance is typically best for a single imagined facing direction that acts as a “conceptual north,” and it is better for facing directions that are aligned or orthogonal to this primary reference direction than for directions that are misaligned19, 20.”
From Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Previous behavioral work with non-nested environments has indicated that reference frames can be observed across many different scales, from tabletops, to rooms19, to campuses43.”
From Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shelton, A. L., & McNamara, T. P.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 274-310
- ISSN
- 0010-0285 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095733006
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 75.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5f32mh012638-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH57868, R01MH057868, F32-MH12638)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- spatial reference systems, spatial memory, spatial configuration, object location memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Problem Solving, Mental Recall, Space Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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