Localization and Cell Association of C1q in Alzheimer's Disease Brain
Abstract
The complement protein, C1q, has been shown to bind to fibrillar beta-amyloid, resulting in the activation of the classical complement pathway. C1q has also been found associated with most but not all amyloid deposits in brain. To determine whether C1q is exclusively associated with plaques containing the fibrillar form of beta-amyloid, normal and Alzheimer brain were immunohistochemically double labeled using thioflavine, which specifically stains beta-amyloid in a beta-sheet conformation, and an affinity- purified antibody to human C1q. C1q immunostaining was colocalized with nearly all thioflavine-positive plaques, while C1q was not detected in beta-amyloid immunopositive plaques which were thioflavine-negative. Beta-amyloid plaques in nondemented controls (which are typically thioflavine-negative) were also negative for C1q. Microglia and astrocytes of reactive morphology were also associated with C1q-positive plaques and neurons. Interestingly, many neuronal cells in the AD brain, but not microglia or astrocytes, stained prominently with anti-C1q. Neurons in control brain were not C1q positive. Our data suggest that some of these C1q-positive structures were neurofibrillary tangles immunoreactive for hyperphosphorylated tau, which may be binding extracellular C1q. However, a large number of the C1q-positive neurons had intact cell morphology; suggesting that these cells may be synthesizing this critical complement component. Since the presence of C1q suggests the activation of complement and/or the activation of proinflammatory events, and the specific class of plaques that contain C1q are the type that corresponds to observed clinical dementia, these findings further support the hypothesis that complement plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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In normal aging and tauopathy patients, C1q is dramatically upregulated and co-localizes with hyperphosphorylated tau, plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in AD brain sections.
“in normal aging [300] and in tauopathy patients [75], C1q is dramatically upregulated and is shown to co-localize with hyperphosphorylated tau, plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in AD brain sections [1, 219, 282]”
From Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
A 1996 study described localization of C1q with Aβ plaques as well as C1q-positive structures along NFTs in human AD brain tissue.
“A study dating back to 1996 described the localization of C1q with Aβ plaques as well as C1q-positive structures along NFTs in human AD brain tissue [162].”
From Glial contributions to neurodegeneration in tauopathies (2017) · cites this paper as [162]
C1q staining was observed along apical dendrites of otherwise apparently healthy neurons.
“The authors also observed C1q staining along apical dendrites of otherwise apparently healthy neurons.”
From Glial contributions to neurodegeneration in tauopathies (2017) · cites this paper as [162]
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- Authors
- Afagh, A., Cummings, B. J., Cribbs, D. H., Cotman, C. W., & Tenner, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-32
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055568011
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Keywords
- C1q, complement system, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, hyperphosphorylated tau, microglia, astrocytes, complement activation, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Astrocytes, Brain, Humans, Immunologic Techniques, Tissue Distribution, Complement C1q, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Protein Structure, Secondary, Microglia
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