Intersection of pathological tau and microglia at the synapse
Open accessAbstract
Tauopathies are a heterogenous class of diseases characterized by cellular accumulation of aggregated tau and include diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Tau pathology is strongly linked to neurodegeneration and clinical symptoms in tauopathy patients. Furthermore, synapse loss is an early pathological event in tauopathies and is the strongest correlate of cognitive decline. Tau pathology is additionally associated with chronic neuroinflammatory processes, such as reactive microglia, astrocytes, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory molecules (e.g. complement proteins, cytokines). Recent studies show that as the principal immune cells of the brain, microglia play a particularly important role in the initiation and progression of tau pathology and associated neurodegeneration. Furthermore, AD risk genes such as Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) are enriched in the innate immune system and modulate the neuroinflammatory response of microglia to tau pathology. Microglia can play an active role in synaptic dysfunction by abnormally phagocytosing synaptic compartments of neurons with tau pathology. Furthermore, microglia are involved in synaptic spreading of tau - a process which is thought to underlie the progressive nature of tau pathology propagation through the brain. Spreading of pathological tau is also the predominant target for tau-based immunotherapy. Active tau vaccines, therapeutic tau antibodies and other approaches targeting the immune system are actively explored as treatment options for AD and other tauopathies. This review describes the role of microglia in the pathobiology of tauopathies and the mechanism of action of potential therapeutics targeting the immune system in tauopathies.
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Microglia may contribute to tau pathology.
“it has been suggested that microglia may also contribute to tau pathology”
From Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function (2022) · cites this paper as [328]
Microglia are implicated in pathological spreading of tau via release of extracellular vesicles.
“Microglia have also been implicated in the pathological spreading of tau via the release of extracellular vesicles [12, 61, 328]”
From Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function (2022) · cites this paper as [328]
Microglia contribute to tau pathology, spread, and synaptic degeneration.
“It would be of interest to include microglia in the model, given their contribution to tau pathology, spread, and synaptic degeneration (Vogels et al., 2019).”
From ELAVL4, splicing, and glutamatergic dysfunction precede neuron loss in MAPT mutation cerebral organoids (2021) · cites this paper as Vogels et al., 2019
Multi-tracer PET studies support previous in vitro evidence of an association between microglial activation and tau aggregation in different tauopathies.
“Collectively, these multi-tracer PET studies support previous in vitro evidence of the association between microglial activation and tau aggregation in different tauopathies41.”
From Neuroinflammation and Tau Colocalize in vivo in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
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Direct Evidence of Internalization of Tau by Microglia In Vitro and In Vivo
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Microglia Enhance Synapse Activity to Promote Local Network Synchronization
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Tau depletion prevents progressive blood-brain barrier damage in a mouse model of tauopathy
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“Indeed, peripheral or AAVmediated delivery of tau scFv (without an Fc domain) seems to be an effective therapeutic approach in tauopathy mice [145, 224, 283, 306].”
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- [281]Socodato R, Portugal CC, Canedo T, Henriques J, Vaz SH, Magalhaes JD, Silva CM, Baptista FI, Alves RL, Nogueira J, Coelho-Santos V, Silva AP, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Magalhaes A, Summavielle T, Brakebusch C, Sebastiao AM, Ambrosio AF, Relvas JB (2017) Genetic ablation of RhoA in adult microglia causes synapse and neuronal loss. bioRxiv
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Sorted by citations
Więckowska-Gacek, A., Mietelska-Porowska, A., Wydrych, M., & Wojda, U. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101397 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Tau: Enabler of diverse brain disorders and target of rapidly evolving therapeutic strategies
Chang, C.-W., Shao, E., & Mucke, L. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb8255 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Shaping Neuronal Fate: Functional Heterogeneity of Direct Microglia-Neuron Interactions
Cserép, C., Pósfai, B., & Dénes, Á. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.007 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function
Spiteri, A. G., Wishart, C. L., Pamphlett, R., Locatelli, G., & King, N. J. C. (2022) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Microglia have also been implicated in the pathological spreading of tau via the release of extracellular vesicles [12, 61, 328].”
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Fluid Biomarkers for Synaptic Dysfunction and Loss
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Blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer’s disease: From discovery to clinical relevance
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TREM2 ectodomain and its soluble form in Alzheimer’s disease
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Tau Oligomer–Containing Synapse Elimination by Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer Disease
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Neuroinflammation and Tau Colocalize in vivo in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
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Neuroinflammation predicts disease progression in progressive supranuclear palsy
Malpetti, M., Passamonti, L., Jones, P. S., Street, D., Rittman, T., Fryer, T. D., Hong, Y. T., Vàsquez Rodriguez, P., Bevan-Jones, W. R., Aigbirhio, F. I., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-325549 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“A growing literature supports a role for neuroinflammation in driving tau spreading and neurodegeneration in tauopathies (see Vogels et al 3 for review).”
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Microglial Activation and Connectivity in Alzheimer Disease and Aging
Rauchmann, B., Brendel, M., Franzmeier, N., Trappmann, L., Zaganjori, M., Ersoezlue, E., Morenas‐Rodriguez, E., Guersel, S., Burow, L., Kurz, C., et al. (2022) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26465 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Microglia phagocytose tau and therefore might play an important role in spreading of tau pathology throughout the brain.(51,52) There is also evidence that an interaction between microglial activation and Aβ triggers the dissemination of tau across the Braak stages.”
Microglial states revisited: from homeostasis to disease
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- Authors
- Vogels, T., Murgoci, A.-N., & Hromádka, T.
- Affiliations
- Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK)
- Corresponding author
- Hromádka, Tomáš
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica Communications
- Published
- 2019-07-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-109
- ISSN
- 2051-5960 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6612163
- OpenAlex
- W2956146459
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 332
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- SyDAD, Horizon 2020 research & innovation program (676144)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- tauopathy, tau pathology, microglia, synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, TREM2, apolipoprotein E, microglial phagocytosis, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Humans, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Immunologic, Synapses, tau Proteins, Microglia, Tauopathies
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