The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Towards a Sociological Theory of Discretion
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In the citing paper
“KC Davis's 'free to choose' conceptualisation of discretion is 'more political than analytical' (Campbell, 1999: 79), an ideological construct, rather than an empirical fact.”
From Beyond ‘police discretion’: The need for a new conceptual vocabulary (2026) · cites this paper as Campbell, 1999
In the citing paper
“Police decision-making is frequently a 'collective enterprise' (Hawkins, 1992) and conceptualising discretion as meaning that officers are 'free to choose' neglects the multiple cultural and structural pressures that have been found to bear down on and interrupt individual officer autonomy (Campbell, 1999).”
From Beyond ‘police discretion’: The need for a new conceptual vocabulary (2026) · cites this paper as Campbell, 1999
Citations
Cites
(1984) · Cited by 21,166
Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies
Swidler, A. (1986) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095521 · Cited by 8,661
Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency
Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089195 · Cited by 5,845
Coleman, J. L., & Dworkin, R. M. (1978) · California Law Review · doi:10.2307/3479972 · Cited by 5,460
Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis.
Parsons, H. L., & Giddens, A. (1980) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.2307/2107414 · Cited by 4,926
New rules of sociological method
Giddens, A. (1976) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 2,673
Reiner, R. (2010) · doi:10.1093/he/9780199283392.001.0001 · Cited by 1,886
Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive
Mills, C. W. (1940) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2084524 · Cited by 1,731
Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society
(1975) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(75)90026-4 · Cited by 998
The Functions of the Police in Modern Society.
Clark, J. P., & Bittner, E. (1972) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2063988 · Cited by 987
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cain, 1979, Trends in the sociology of police work, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 7, 143
- Hewitt, 1975, ‘Disclaimers’, American Sociological Review, 61, 420
- Manning, 1993, Toward a theory of police organization: polarities and change, International Conference on Social Change in Policing
- Scott, 1968, Accounts, American Sociological Review, 22, 664
Cited by
Beyond ‘police discretion’: The need for a new conceptual vocabulary
Turner, E. R., & Rowe, M. (2026) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/13624806241297311 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- CAMPBELL, E.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- CAMPBELL, ELAINE
- ORCID
- CAMPBELL, ELAINE
- Venue
- International Journal of the Sociology of Law
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-101
- ISSN
- 0194-6595 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022552148
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2025: 19 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- International journal of law, crime and justice (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime, Deviance, and Social Control
- Keywords
- discretion, police discretion, employee autonomy, police theory, policing, police behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
