Secondary prevention of attempted suicide in adolescence
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One trial was rated as unclear risk of bias for personnel blinding because no information was reported, but the intervention was a one-off emergency card that could have been given privately (Cotgrove 1995).
“We rated one trial, however, as having an unclear risk of bias for this item as, although no information on personnel blinding was reported, the intervention consisted of a one-off emergency card which could have been given to participants in private (Cotgrove 1995).”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
In one trial, repetition of self-harm data came from clinical or hospital notes supplemented by general practitioners, social workers, and psychologists (Cotgrove 1995).
“In one trial, information on repetition of SH was obtained from clinical or hospital notes supplemented by information from general practitioners, social workers, and psychologists (where relevant) (Cotgrove 1995).”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
That emergency-card study appeared insufficiently powered to test repetition of self-harm properly.
“However, the study appeared to be underpowered to properly test this outcome.”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
In the single emergency-card study, repetition of self-harm did not differ between intervention and control groups.
“In a single study to assess the effects of provision of an emergency card allowing patients to re-admit themselves to hospital (Cotgrove 1995), there was no difference in repetition of SH between the intervention and control groups.”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
Few adolescents used the emergency card, and none who used it repeated self-harm.
“Few adolescents made use of the emergency card, but none of those who did repeated SH.”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
One trial had high risk of bias for allocation concealment because an open numbers table was used.
“whilst we rated the remaining trial as having a high risk of bias for this item as an open numbers table was used (Cotgrove 1995).”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
The other three trials were rated unclear risk for blinding of outcome assessors because no information was provided.
“We rated the remaining three trials, however, as having an unclear risk of bias for this item as no information on blinding of outcome assessors was provided (Cotgrove 1995;Donaldson 2005;Spirito 2002).”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
One trial was rated high risk for sequence generation because an open numbers table was used.
“We rated one trial as having a high risk of bias for this item as an open numbers table was used (Cotgrove 1995).”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
In adolescents, emergency card interventions have been used as a means of gaining admission to psychiatric inpatient care.
“In adolescents this has been used as a means of gaining admission to psychiatric inpatient care (Cotgrove 1995).”
From Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as Cotgrove 1995
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Self-harm and suicide in adolescents
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60322-5 · Cited by 2,306 · see citing works
Youth Suicide Risk and Preventive Interventions: A Review of the Past 10 Years
Gould, M. S., Greenberg, T., Velting, D. M., & Shaffer, D. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046821.95464.cf · Cited by 1,264 · see citing works
“ies, only two explicitly obtained an adolescent sample (Cotgrove et al., 1995; Harrington et al., 1998).”
BackgroundWeisz, J. R., Kuppens, S., Ng, M. Y., Eckshtain, D., Ugueto, A. M., Vaughn-Coaxum, R., Jensen-Doss, A., Hawley, K. M., Krumholz Marchette, L. S., Chu, B. C., et al. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040360 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for suicidal adolescents
Rathus, J. H., & Miller, A. L. (2002) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.32.2.146.24399 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Ougrin, D., Tranah, T., Stahl, D., Moran, P., & Asarnow, J. R. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
“uicide is a global health problem and a major public health concern.(1,2) It is the second or the third leading S cause of death in adolescents in the West and an important cause of death in developing countries.”
BackgroundHawton, K. E., Arensman, E., Townsend, E., Bremner, S., Feldman, E., Goldney, R. D., Gunnell, D., Hazell, P., van Heeringen, K., House, A. O., et al. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7156.441 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
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Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth
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“Cotgrove et al. (1995) examined a relatively simple intervention that provided adolescents with immediate access to hospital care (via a green card).”
BackgroundInfluentialHARRINGTON, R., KERFOOT, M., DYER, E., McNIVEN, F., GILL, J., HARRINGTON, V., WOODHAM, A., & BYFORD, S. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0890-8567(14)60001-0 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“We know of only one published randomized trial in this age group, a study of the value of readmission to hospital on demand, which failed to find a significant effect of the intervention (Cotgrove et al., 1995) [ 5 ].”
BackgroundInterventions for self-harm in children and adolescents
Hawton, K., Witt, K. G., Taylor Salisbury, T. L., Arensman, E., Gunnell, D., Townsend, E., van Heeringen, K., & Hazell, P. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012013 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Nordentoft, M. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 242 · see citing works
What Works in Youth Suicide Prevention? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Robinson, J., Bailey, E., Witt, K., Stefanac, N., Milner, A., Currier, D., Pirkis, J., Condron, P., & Hetrick, S. (2018) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.10.004 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“(1995) [67] UK Inclusion: Admitted to hospital following SA/SH Exclusion: Records of the original SA were missing, or were there insufficient follow-up data (p.”
BackgroundPsychosocial and pharmacological treatments for deliberate self harm
Hawton, K., Townsend, E., Arensman, E., Gunnell, D., Hazell, P., House, A., & van Heeringen, K. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001764 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
RetractedEvidence Base Update of Psychosocial Treatments for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth
Glenn, C. R., Esposito, E. C., Porter, A. C., & Robinson, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1591281 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“In the earliest trial to examine a resource intervention, Cotgrove et al. (1995) compared standard care plus a token to access the hospital on demand versus standard care in an RCT with 105 adolescents with a history of DSH or SA.”
BackgroundAnalog Classroom Assessment of Adderall® in Children With ADHD
SWANSON, J. M., WIGAL, S., GREENHILL, L. L., BROWNE, R., WASLIK, B., LERNER, M., WILLIAMS, L., FLYNN, D., AGLER, D., CROWLEY, K., et al. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199805000-00014 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
A systematic review of psychosocial suicide prevention interventions for youth
Calear, A. L., Christensen, H. M., Freeman, A., Fenton, K., Grant, J. B., van Spijker, B. A. J., & Donker, T. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0783-4 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Milner, A. J., Carter, G., Pirkis, J., Robinson, J., & Spittal, M. J. (2015) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147819 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“For example, two studies reporting the effectiveness of the intervention condition in reducing suicide attempts were conducted some decades ago and were rated as having a high risk of bias, 35,36 whereas recent studies find more conservative results.”
ResultYouth-Nominated Support Team for suicidal adolescents (Version 1): A randomized controlled trial.
King, C. A., Kramer, A., Preuss, L. J., Kerr, D., Weisse, L., & Venkataraman, S. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.199 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Adolescent Substance Use and Suicidal Behavior: A Review With Implications for Treatment Research
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Carter, G., Page, A., Large, M., Hetrick, S., Milner, A. J., Bendit, N., Walton, C., Draper, B., Hazell, P., Fortune, S., et al. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416661039 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“The second study (Cotgrove et al., 1995), which was restricted to adolescents under 17 years, used a green card that allowed immediate readmission to the patient’s local hospital.”
Developmental factors in the treatment on adolescents.
Weisz, J. R., & Hawley, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.1.21 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
King, C. A., Klaus, N. M., Kramer, A., Venkataraman, S., QUINLAN, P. E., & Gillespie, B. W. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016552 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Cotgrove et al. (1995) found that permitting adolescents to rehospitalize themselves if needed was associated with a nonsignificant reduction in suicide attempts at 1-year follow-up.”
Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents
Witt, K. G., Hetrick, S. E., Rajaram, G., Hazell, P., Taylor Salisbury, T. L., Townsend, E., & Hawton, K. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013667.pub2 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
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Psychosocial treatments of suicidal behaviors: A practice‐friendly review
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Developmental factors in the treatment on adolescents.
Weisz, J. R., & Hawley, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.21 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Preventing Suicide in Young People: Systematic Review
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Intensive in-patient and community intervention versus routine care after attempted suicide
van der Sande, R., Rooijen, L. V., Buskens, E., Allart, E., Hawton, K., van der Graaf, Y., & van Engeland, H. (1997) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.171.1.35 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Interventions for Suicidal Youth: A Review of the Literature and Developmental Considerations
Daniel, S. S., & Goldston, D. B. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.3.252 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript TABLE 1 Interventions for Suicidal Youth Study Participants Study Design Deykin et al. (1986) From emergency room settings, n = 172 predominantly black…”
InfluentialPractitioner Review: Self‐harm in adolescents
Ougrin, D., Tranah, T., Leigh, E., Taylor, L. M. W., & Asarnow, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02525.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“NS Cotgrove et al., 1995 134 47 58 At least one suicidal or nonsuicidal self-harm episode 105 47 58 3/47 7/”
Iyengar, U., Snowden, N., Asarnow, J. R., Moran, P., Tranah, T., & Ougrin, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00583 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“(35) Self-harming adolescents were allotted a token allowing hospital re-entry without question, to be used when adolescent was in need of escaping an intolerable (family) environment.”
BackgroundDepression, suicide and deliberate self-harm in adolescence
Harrington, R. (2001) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/57.1.47 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The suicidal patient: Clinical and legal standards of care (3rd ed.).
Bongar, B. M., & Sullivan, G. R. (2013) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14184-000 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Preventive Interventions for Youth Suicide: A Risk Factor-Based Approach
Burns, J. M., & Patton, G. C. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00738.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“A trial of ‘green-card tokens’, allowing hospital readmission on demand brought no differences in clinically conspicuous suicidal behaviour at 12-month followup [42].”
BackgroundPsychosocial intervention following suicide attempt: a svstematic review of treatment interventions
van der Sande, R., Buskens, E., Allart, E., van der Graaf, Y., & van Engeland, H. (1997) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09903.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions After Attempted Suicide
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The development of the inventory of countertransference behavior
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Burns, J. M., Dudley, M. J., Hazell, P., & Patton, G. C. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01532.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“2004); problems relating to the delivery or uptake of the intervention [13,16,17]; the ascertainment bias inherent in the use of hospital records [13,18, Silburn et al .”
BackgroundInfluentialO'Connor, E. J., Gaynes, B. N., Bu, B., Williams, C., & Ep, W. (2013) · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Bahji, A., Pierce, M., Wong, J., Roberge, J. N., Ortega, I., & Patten, S. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6614 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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Mechanisms of brief contact interventions in clinical populations: a systematic review
Milner, A. J., Spittal, M. J., Kapur, N., Witt, K., Pirkis, J., & Carter, G. L. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0896-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“For example, Cotgrove and colleagues [24] described their intervention as “provid[ing] a way to obtain help.”
BackgroundInfluentialBrown, R. T. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-4410 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Early Adult Outcomes of Adolescents Who Deliberately Poisoned Themselves
Harrington, R., Pickles, A. R., Aglan, A., Harrington, V., Burroughs, H., & Kerfoot, M. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000194564.78536.f2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Specific Psychological Treatment Versus Treatment as Usual in Adolescents with Self-Harm
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Efficient interventions on suicide prevention: A literature review
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“In contrast, two other RCTs showed no efficacy for intervention on the rate of attempted suicides [14,15].”
ResultPatient-controlled hospital admission in psychiatry: A systematic review
Strand, M., & von Hausswolff‐Juhlin, Y. (2015) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2015.1025835 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Suicide in Adolescents: A Worldwide Preventable Tragedy
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WITHDRAWN: Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for deliberate self harm.
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RetractedKaess, M., Koenig, J., Bauer, S., Moessner, M., Fischer-Waldschmidt, G., Mattern, M., Herpertz, S. C., Resch, F., Brown, R. C., In‐Albon, T., et al. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3501-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Based on a Cochrane Review [58], attrition rates from 4% [59] up to 21% [60] were reported within face-to-face treatments of adolescent self-harm (including NSSI).”
BackgroundPsychosocial approaches to suicide prevention: applications to patients with bipolar disorder.
Gray, S. M., & Otto, M. W. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Suicide Attempts: Prevention of Repetition
Daigle, M., Pouliot, L., Chagnon, F., Greenfield, B., & Mishara, B. (2011) · Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · doi:10.1177/070674371105601008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Preventive Psychiatric Admission for Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder: A Pilot Study
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General Hospital Management of Suicide Attempters
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A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for suicidal adolescents
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“Many interventions designed specifically to reduce suicide focus on increasing safety behaviours and help seeking in adolescents (i.e. Asarnow et al., 2015; Cotgrove et al., 1995).”
Yuan, S. N. V., Kwok, R. K. H., & Ougrin, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00104 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The remaining articles were screened for abstract and 27 articles were examined for full-text (Cotgrove et al., 1995; Harrington et al., 1998; Wood et al., 2001; Spirito et al., 2002; Huey et al., 2004; Donaldson et al., 2005; King et al., 2006, 2009; Chanen et al., 2008; Hazell et al., 2009; Schuppert et al., 2009, 2…”
BackgroundPsychosocial Treatment of Youth Suicide: A Systematic Review of the Research
Macgowan, M. J. (2004) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731503257889 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Outpatient treatment was an effective alternative to hospitalization in two studies (Cotgrove et al., 1995; Greenfield et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGilbert (2000) · doi:10.1002/1099-0879(200007)7:3
Brief Interventions for Self-injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Young People: A Systematic Review
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Follow-up studies of child and adolescent suicide attempters
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“There have been a number of randomized controlled trials of different types of intervention following DSH. These include intensive conventional psychiatric care, brief problem-solving therapies, emergency card provision and drug treatments. The observation that up to 60% of those offered psychiatric follow-up do not a…”
BackgroundPsychotherapeutic Approaches to Suicidal Ideation and Behaviour
Heard, H. L. (2000) · doi:10.1002/9780470698976.ch28 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Emergency admissions to a regional adolescent unit: piloting a new service
Cotgrove, A. J. (1997) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.21.10.604 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosocial interventions for suicidal children and adolescents
Fristad, M. A., & Shaver, A. E. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1066 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chen, X., Dong, Y., Ye, M., Wang, X., Yan, J., Yao, Y., Zhou, Q., Qian, C., & Liu, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06735-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
APA Working Group on Psychoactive Medications for Children and Adolescents (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e539722009-001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Raising the bar for youth suicide prevention
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Wright-Hughes, A. M., Farrin, A. J., Fonagy, P., Ougrin, D., Stahl, D. R., Wright, J. M., Irving, D., Mughal, F., Truscott, A., Diggins, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.01.017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Suicide during Transition of Care: a Review of Targeted Interventions
Chaudhary, A. M. D., Memon, R. I., Dar, S. K., Bhullar, D. K., Dar, K. R., & Naveed, S. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09712-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“An RCT by Cotgrove et al. (1995) studied the efficacy of green cards in preventing suicide in an adolescent population aged ≤16.”
BackgroundThe psychological and behavioural treatment of suicidal behaviour
Rudd, M. D., Williams, B., & Trotter, D. R. M. (2009) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198570059.003.0058 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters
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Treatment Strategies for Adolescent Suicide Attempters
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“Mediation analyses have shown that the effects of DBT-A and IERITA on self-harm are mediated by improvements in emotion regulation difficulties, such as lack of emotional clarity and nonacceptance of emotional responses [28, 31, 56].”
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Suicide and Suicidal Behaviours: Implications for Mental Health Services
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User-held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness
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“These indicators were designed to reflect essential aspects of routines for the care and management of suicide attempters according to recommendations and guidelines published in the international literature [13-16,22-24].”
Suicidal behavior and self‐harm
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Recognition of Suicide Risk, Crisis Helplines, and Psychosocial Interventions: A Selective Review
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- Authors
- Cotgrove, A., Zirinsky, L., Black, D., & Weston, D.
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 569-577
- ISSN
- 0140-1971 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968952094
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- suicide attempts, secondary prevention, adolescents, repeated suicide attempts, hospital readmission, token economy, risk assessment, suicide prevention
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