Cited by 721Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsEstrogen and related hormone effectsPhytoestrogen effects and research

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Some Alkyl Hydroxy Benzoate Preservatives (Parabens) Are Estrogenic

Routledge, Edwin J., Parker, Joanne, Odum, Jenny, Ashby, John, Sumpter, John P.·1998·Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

DOI 10.1006/taap.1998.8544

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Abstract

The inadvertent estrogenicity of certain synthetic chemicals, and their subsequent effects on the endocrine system of humans and wildlife, is of concern. In this paper we report findings from in vitro and in vivo (uterotrophic) studies which confirm that a range of alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are weakly estrogenic. In a receptor-binding assay, butylparaben was able to compete with 3H-estradiol for binding to the rat estrogen receptor with an affinity approximately 5 orders of magnitude lower than that of diethylstilboestrol, and between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude less than nonylphenol. In an in vitro yeast-based estrogen assay, the four most widely used parabens (namely methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butylparaben) were all found to be weakly estrogenic with the most potent (butylparaben) being 10,000-fold less potent than 17 beta-estradiol. The estrogenic activity of parabens was inhibited by 4-hydroxy tamoxifen in vitro, illustrating the requirement of these chemicals to interact with the estrogen receptor in order to activate the yeast. When administered orally to immature rats, the parabens were inactive. However, subcutaneous administration of butylparaben produced a positive uterotrophic response in vivo, although it was approximately 100,000 times less potent than 17 beta-estradiol. Given their use in a wide range of commercially available topical preparations, it is suggested that the safety in use of these chemicals should be reassessed, with parti…

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Authors: Routledge, E. J., Parker, J., Odum, J., Ashby, J., & Sumpter, J. P.
Affiliations: Brunel University of London (GB)
Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory (GB)
ORCID: Routledge, Edwin J.
Sumpter, John P.
Venue: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-11
Volume: 153
Issue: 1
Pages: 12-19
ISSN: 0041-008X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8544
OpenAlex: W1999057925
Cited by: 721
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 10.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Phytoestrogen effects and research
Keywords: parabens, estrogenic activity, butylparaben, estrogen receptor binding, uterotrophic response, endocrine disruption, human exposure assessment
MeSH terms: Animals, Binding, Competitive, Female, Food Preservatives, Organ Size, Parabens, Receptors, Estrogen, Tamoxifen, Uterus, Yeasts, Rats

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Some Alkyl Hydroxy Benzoate Preservatives (Parabens) Are Estrogenic

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