Knowledge and Behavior Regarding Cosmetics in Koreans Visiting Dermatology Clinics

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Among subjects with a prior dermatologic diagnosis, atopic dermatitis was the most common (33.7%), followed by seborrheic dermatitis/acne/folliculitis (16.8%).

“atopic dermatitis was by far the most common (33.7%), followed by seborrheic dermatitis/acne/folliculitis (16.8%)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Among the survey subjects, 73.2% were female and 26.8% were male.

“73.2% were female and 26.8% male”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A total of 1,015 subjects completed the survey.

“A total of 1,015 subjects completed the survey”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The subjects' ages ranged from 12 to 73 years, with a mean age of 32.5 years.

“The ages of subjects ranged from 12 to 73 years, with a mean age of 32.5 years”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

31% of subjects had previously been diagnosed with a dermatologic condition.

“Thirty-one percent of the subjects had previously been diagnosed with a dermatologic condition”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

72.8% of subjects had an education level of college graduate or higher.

“the majority were college graduates or higher (72.8%)”

May combine two claims.

None of the patients visiting private clinics were using cleansing oil, whereas 31.3% of those visiting university hospitals were using it.

“none of the patients visiting private clinics were using cleansing oil, whereas 31.3% of those visiting university hospitals were using it”

May combine two claims.

The most frequently used skin care product overall was toner/skin lotion (93.4%), followed by sunscreen (90.9%), essence (58.0%), and moisturizing cream (50.5%).

“the most frequently used skin care product was toner/skin lotion (93.4%), followed by sunscreen (90.9%), essence (58.0%) and moisturizing cream (50.5%)”

May combine two claims.

The product both men and women were most in need of was effective moisturizers (26.7%), followed by whitening products (22.0%).

“The product both men and women were most in need of was effective moisturizers (26.7%), followed by whitening products (22.0%)”

May combine two claims.

56.0% of men had never used any functional cosmetics before, in contrast to 15.6% of women.

“56.0% of men had never used any functional cosmetics before, in contrast to 15.6% of women”

May combine two claims.

Frequency of sunscreen use was: only in summer 55.6%, never 19.4%, only when one remembers 13.0%, almost everyday 10.0%, and everyday 2.1%.

“Frequency of sunscreen use was as follows: only in the summer (55.6%), never (19.4%), only when one remembers (13.0%), almost everyday (10.0%), and everyday (2.1%)”

May combine two claims.

Higher education level was associated with more frequent sunscreen use (p<0.005) and a larger amount of sunscreen applied (p<0.05).

“The higher the education level, the more frequent was the use of sunscreen (p<0.005) and the larger the amount of sunscreen applied (p<0.05)”

May combine two claims.

In men, the most frequently used skin care product was toner (94.6%), followed by sunscreen (83.7%) and milk lotion (31.8%).

“In men, the most frequently used skin care product was toner (94.6%), followed by sunscreen (83.7%) and milk lotion (31.8%)”

May combine two claims.

Among functional cosmetics, women used whitening products most frequently (29.5%), followed by anti-wrinkle products (23.1%) and moisturizers (18.0%).

“women used whitening products most frequently (29.5%), followed by anti-wrinkle products (23.1%) and moisturizers (18.0%)”

May combine two claims.

In women, BB cream was used most frequently (57.0%), followed by lipstick (52.6%), eye shadow (48.8%), eyeliner (48.1%), lip glow/lip gloss (44.4%), eyebrow pen/pencil (42.2%), powder/pact (41.7%), and mascara (40.5%).

“In women, BB cream was used most frequently (57.0%), followed by lipstick (52.6%), eye shadow (48.8%), eyeliner (48.1%), lip glow/lip gloss (44.4%), eyebrow pen/pencil (42.2%), powder/pact (41.7%), and mascara (40.5%)”

May combine two claims.

The average age of patients visiting private clinics was 30.8 years, significantly younger than the 33.9 years of patients visiting university hospitals (p<0.001).

“The average age of patients visiting private clinics was 30.8 years, which was significantly younger than that (33.9 years) of the patients visiting university hospitals (p<0.001)”

May combine two claims.

In men, anti-acne products were used most frequently (31.1%), followed by whitening products (26.1%) and moisturizer (16.0%).

“in men, anti-acne products were used most frequently (31.1%), followed by whitening products (26.1%) and moisturizer (16.0%)”

May combine two claims.

More subjects in their twenties and thirties often knew what paraben was (p<0.001) and thought that paraben was detrimental to health (p<0.001).

“more subjects in their twenties and thirties often knew what paraben was (p<0.001) and thought that paraben was detrimental to health (p<0.001)”

May combine two claims.

The older the subject, the more important ingredient was considered; the younger the age, the more important were recommendations by friends or bloggers.

“The older the subject, the more importantly was ingredient considered; the younger the age, the more important was the recommendations by friends or bloggers”

May combine two claims.

There was a significant difference between men and women in knowledge of the PAO symbol (p<0.001), with 22.1% of men and 43.0% of women having knowledge.

“There was a significant difference between men and women in knowledge of the symbol (p<0.001), with 22.1% of men and 43.0% of women having knowledge”

May combine two claims.

Men were less knowledgeable than women that allergies can develop anew to a product used before (p<0.001), with 49.2% of men versus 31.6% of women responding that no allergies can develop anew.

“Men were less knowledgeable about this fact than women (p<0.001), with 49.2% responding that no allergies can develop anew to a product they had been using before, vs. 31.6% of women”

May combine two claims.

In men, price (34.1%) was by far the most important factor in product selection, followed by recommendation by friends or bloggers (20.7%) and recommendation by sales person (15.6%).

“the price (34.1%) was by far the most important factor in men, followed by recommendation by friends or bloggers (20.7%) and recommendation by sales person (15.6%)”

May combine two claims.

Younger generation preferred brand shops whereas older generation preferred department stores.

“younger generation preferred brand shops whereas older generation preferred department stores”

May combine two claims.

Knowledge of the all-ingredients-labelling law did not correlate with education level but was inversely correlated with age, with more subjects in their twenties (18.6%) and thirties (15.4%) having knowledge than other age groups.

“This knowledge did not correlate with the level of education but was inversely correlated with age, with more subjects in their twenties (18.6%) and thirties (15.4%) having knowledge than other age groups”

May combine two claims.

In women, the most important factor affecting product selection was ingredients (28.8%), followed by recommendation by friends or bloggers (27.2%), price (17.2%), and recommendation by sales person (10.8%).

“In women, the most important factor affecting the selection of a product was ingredients (28.8%), recommendation by friends or bloggers (27.2%), price (17.2%), and recommendation by sales person (10.8%)”

May combine two claims.

45.1% of subjects spent $10~50 per month on skin care products and 43.4% spent $10~50 per month on makeup products.

“45.1% and 43.4% of subjects spent $10~50 per month on skin care and makeup products, respectively”

May combine two claims.

35.0% of subjects preferred domestic cosmetic products, 26.5% preferred imported ones, and 38.5% had no preference.

“35.0% preferred domestic products, 26.5% preferred imported ones, and 38.5% had no preference”

May combine two claims.

In the present survey, almost 80% of subjects had no knowledge of paraben, and among those who did, opinion was divided whether paraben is detrimental to health or not.

“almost 80% of subjects were shown not to have any knowledge of paraben, and among those who did, opinion was divided whether paraben is detrimental to health or not”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Women do not prefer internet or large retail stores when purchasing skin care or cosmetic products, whereas men feel more comfortable or find it more convenient to shop online or in large retail stores.

“women do not prefer internet or large retail stores when purchasing skin care or cosmetic products, whereas men feel more comfortable or find it more convenient to shop online or in large retail stores”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Parabens are ubiquitous, with low levels detected in rivers, drinking water sources, soil, house dust, human tissues, and bodily fluids.

“parabens are ubiquitous, with low levels being detected in rivers, drinking water sources, soil, house dust, human tissues, and bodily fluids910”

• cites [9] Pérez, 2012, Anal Bioanal Chem sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [10] Frederiksen, 2011, J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Public pressure has persuaded several governments to enforce regulations on the use of parabens in consumer products.

“Public pressure has persuaded several governments to enforce regulations on the use of parabens in consumer products8”

• cites [8] Kirchhof, 2013, Skin Therapy LettNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The higher knowledge of the all-ingredients-labelling law among younger adults might be associated with easier accessibility to internet and smartphone applications.

“This might be associated with easier accessibility to internet and smartphone applications by younger adults than more mature population”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Concerns have been raised regarding paraben due to the possible association of the compound with breast cancer.

“Concerns have been raised regarding paraben due to the possible association of the compound with breast cancer7”

• cites [7] Darbre, 2004, J Appl Toxicol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The trend of people using cosmetics at an earlier age may be associated with internet and social media use, peer pressure, and the influence of young Korean pop stars and actors.

“This may be associated with internet and social media use where ordinary individuals post their photos and receive instantaneous feedback on a global level, as well as peer pressure and the influence of young Korean pop stars and actors whose skin is “picture perfect.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Another Danish study reported that non-compliance with instructions on reading ingredient labelling is not only a question of patients' lack of knowledge but also the result of persons not possessing the resources necessary to act in accordance with medical instructions.

“Another Danish study reported that non-compliance with instructions on reading the ingredient labelling is not only a question of patients' lack of knowledge but also the result of persons not possessing the resources necessary to act in accordance with the medical instructions6”

• cites [6] Noiesen, 2004, Contact Dermatitis sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In that Danish series, more patients with allergies to preservatives than to fragrance experienced major difficulties with ingredient label reading, probably because of the necessity of also being aware of formaldehyde releasers.

“more patients with allergies to preservatives than to fragrance experienced major difficulties with ingredient label reading, probably because of the necessity of also being aware of formaldehyde releasers5”

• cites [5] Noiesen, 2007, Contact Dermatitis sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In a Danish series, 46% of patients with contact allergy to preservatives and fragrances had difficulty reading the ingredient labelling of cosmetics, and this was significantly correlated to low educational level.

“46% of Danish patients with contact allergy to preservatives and fragrances had difficulty reading the ingredient labelling of cosmetics, and this was significantly correlated to low educational level5”

• cites [5] Noiesen, 2007, Contact Dermatitis sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The association between higher education and sunscreen use may be related to higher health awareness or higher income and therefore better affordability.

“this may be associated with higher health awareness or higher income and therefore better affordability”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Parabens bind human estrogen receptors with affinities 10,000 to 1,000,000 times less than estradiol.

“Parabens bind human estrogen receptors with affinities 10,000 to 1,000,000 times less than estradiol1112”

• cites [11] Routledge, 1998, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [12] Blair, 2000, Toxicol Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Men using cleansing foam much more frequently than cleansing oil, unlike women, probably reflects the oilier complexion of men in general.

“The fact that men use cleansing foam much more frequently than cleansing oil, unlike women, probably reflects the oilier complexion of men in general”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Danish finding about resources for acting on ingredient labelling may also apply to Korean patients.

“This may well apply to Korean patients, too”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Korea and the EU allow a maximum paraben concentration of 0.4% for any individual paraben and 0.8% for total paraben concentrations; the US and Canada have no laws regulating paraben concentrations.

“Korea and the EU allow a maximum paraben concentration of 0.4% for any individual paraben and 0.8% for total paraben concentrations1416; in the US and Canada, there are no laws regulating paraben concentrations”

• cites [14] Andersen, 2008, Int J ToxicolNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [16] 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Parabens are degraded once applied on the skin, and even if absorbed percutaneously, they are hydrolysed in the body and therefore are not likely to accumulate in tissues.

“Parabens are degraded once applied on the skin, and even if they are absorbed percutaneously, they are hydrolysed in the body and therefore are not likely to accumulate in tissues1415”

• cites [14] Andersen, 2008, Int J ToxicolNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [15] Soni, 2005, Food Chem Toxicol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several studies have concluded that there is no causal relationship between parabens and breast cancer.

“Several studies have concluded that there is no causal relationship between parabens and breast cancer13”

• cites [13] Witorsch, 2010, Crit Rev Toxicol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Regarding expenditure, men prefer cheaper products whereas women prefer products with good ingredients.

“Regarding expenditure, men prefer cheaper products whereas women prefer products with good ingredients”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Governmental regulatory agencies have agreed that the current concentrations of parabens are safe for consumer use.

“Governmental regulatory agencies have agreed that the current concentrations of parabens are safe for consumer use8”

• cites [8] Kirchhof, 2013, Skin Therapy LettNot checked — no full text of the source

The quote only partly states this claim.

Subjects in their twenties and thirties are the most knowledgeable about cosmetics in Korea.

“subjects in their twenties and thirties are the most knowledgeable about cosmetics in Korea”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Geographically, the majority of respondents were from Seoul.

“Geographically the majority of respondents were from Seoul”

May combine two claims.

Women apply sunscreen more frequently than men, and younger and more educated subjects use it more frequently and more generously; most apply 1-cm size.

“Women apply sunscreen more frequently than men, and younger and more educated subjects use it more frequently and more generously; most apply 1-cm size”

May combine two claims.

Regardless of level of education, most subjects (79.2%) purchase cosmetics without checking ingredients, and most (85.7%) do not know about the all-ingredients-labelling law.

“Regardless of level of education, most subjects (79.2%) purchase cosmetics without checking ingredients, and most (85.7%) do not know about the all-ingredients-labelling law”

May combine two claims.

Among functional cosmetics, whitening products (29.2%) are used most frequently, and yet the product most needed is an effective moisturizer (26.7%).

“Among “functional cosmetics,” whitening products (29.2%) are used most frequently, and yet the product most needed is an effective moisturizer (26.7%)”

May combine two claims.

The study has some selection bias because the subjects do not represent the entire Korean population; university respondents consisted mostly of patients with skin problems, and private clinic respondents consisted mostly of aesthetically driven individuals interested in improving skin appearance.

“The limitations of the study include some selection bias since the subjects do not represent the entire Korean population; the university respondents consisted mostly of patients with skin problems, and private clinic respondents consisted mostly of aesthetically driven individuals who were interested in improving their skin appearance”