Personal care products and endocrine disruption: A critical review of the literature

Witorsch, Raphael J.; Thomas, John A.

doi:10.3109/10408444.2010.515563

Cited by 334Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsPesticide Exposure and ToxicityPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

Personal care products and endocrine disruption: A critical review of the literature

Witorsch, Raphael J., Thomas, John A.·2010·Critical Reviews in Toxicology

DOI 10.3109/10408444.2010.515563

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Abstract

This article reviews laboratory and epidemiological research into the endocrine disruptive effects of components of personal care products, namely, phthalate esters, parabens, ultraviolet (UV) filters, polycyclic musks, and antimicrobials. High doses of phthalates in utero can produce “phthalate syndrome,” demasculinizing effects in male rat offspring due to impaired testosterone production by fetal testes. However, evidence linking phthalate exposure to similar effects in humans appears inconclusive. Furthermore, phthalate exposure derived from personal care products is within safe limits and its principal bioavailable phthalate, diethyl phthalate (DEP), does not produce “phthalate syndrome.” Parabens exhibit very weak estrogen activity in vitro and in vivo, but evidence of paraben-induced developmental and reproductive toxicity in vivo lacks consistency and physiological coherence. Evidence attempting to link paraben exposure with human breast cancer is nonexistent. Select UV filters at high doses produce estrogenic, antithyroid, and other effects in rats in vivo. Again, no evidence links UV filter exposure to endocrine disruptive effects in humans. Some polycyclic musks weakly bind to estrogen, androgen, or progestin receptors and exhibit primarily antagonistic activity in vitro, which for the most part, has yet to be confirmed in vivo in mammals. The antimicrobials triclocarban and triclosan evoke weak responses mediated by aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen, and androgen receptors in vitro, which require confirmation in vivo. Preliminary observations suggest a novel interaction between triclocarban and testosterone. In conclusion, although select constituents exhibit interactions with the endocrine system in the laboratory, the evidence linking personal care products to endocrine disruptive effects in humans is for the most part lacking.

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Witorsch et al. (2010) reported negative impact of some classes of compounds, including UV filters that crossed skin layers.
“Witorsch et al. (2010) referred the negative impact of some classes of compounds, including UV filters that crossed the skin layers; nevertheless, this study highlighted that serum and reproductive hormones levels were not affected by this exposure [70].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Serum and reproductive hormone levels were not affected by exposure to UV filters that crossed skin layers.
“Witorsch et al. (2010) referred the negative impact of some classes of compounds, including UV filters that crossed the skin layers; nevertheless, this study highlighted that serum and reproductive hormones levels were not affected by this exposure [70].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Several studies have concluded that there is no causal relationship between parabens and breast cancer.
“Several studies have concluded that there is no causal relationship between parabens and breast cancer13”
From Knowledge and Behavior Regarding Cosmetics in Koreans Visiting Dermatology Clinics (2017) · cites this paper as [13]

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The Ultraviolet Filter Benzophenone 2 Interferes with the Thyroid Hormone Axis in Rats and Is a Potent in Vitro Inhibitor of Human Recombinant Thyroid Peroxidase
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In Vitro and in Vivo Antiestrogenic Effects of Polycyclic Musks in Zebrafish
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Fetal Mouse Phthalate Exposure Shows that Gonocyte Multinucleation is Not Associated with Decreased Testicular Testosterone
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Endocrine disrupting chemicals
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Effects of a 5-day treatment with the UV-filter octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary–thyroid function in rats
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Aromatase inhibiting and combined estrogenic effects of parabens and estrogenic effects of other additives in cosmetics
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Risk of hypospadias in relation to maternal occupational exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals
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AHTN and HHCB show weak estrogenic — but no uterotrophic activity
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Pure estrogenic effect of benzophenone-2 (BP2) but not of bisphenol A (BPA) and dibutylphtalate (DBP) in uterus, vagina and bone
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Estrogenic Effects ofp-Hydroxybenzoic Acid in CD1 Mice
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p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Esters as Preservatives II.:Acute and Chronic Toxicity in Dogs, Rats, and Mice
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The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐testis axis in boys during the first six months of life: a comparison of cryptorchidism and hypospadias cases with controls
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Multi-organic risk assessment of estrogenic properties of octyl-methoxycinnamate in vivo
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Negative Feedback Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion by Androgens in Fetal Rhesus Macaques1
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EVALUATION OF ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY OF PHTHALATE ESTERS BY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING USING A FOCUSED MICROARRAY (ESTRARRAY®)
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“Additional” Effects of Phthalate Mixtures on Fetal Testosterone Production
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The orl Rat with Inherited Cryptorchidism Has Increased Susceptibility to the Testicular Effects of In Utero Dibutyl Phthalate Exposure
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Validity of Anogenital Distance as a Marker of in Utero Phthalate Exposure
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Lifetime Achievement Award
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The skin aging exposome
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Association of phthalates, parabens and phenols found in personal care products with pubertal timing in girls and boys
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Detection of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from maternal blood plasma and amniotic fluid in Indian population
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Profiling of the Tox21 10K compound library for agonists and antagonists of the estrogen receptor alpha signaling pathway
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A critical review of ferrate(VI)-based remediation of soil and groundwater
Rai, P. K., Lee, J., Kailasa, S. K., Kwon, E. E., Tsang, Y. F., Ok, Y. S., & Kim, K. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.016 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Phthalate Levels in Cord Blood Are Associated with Preterm Delivery and Fetal Growth Parameters in Chinese Women
Huang, Y., Li, J., Garcia, J. M., Lin, H., Wang, Y., Yan, P., Wang, L., Tan, Y., Luo, J., Qiu, Z., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087430 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
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Figueiredo, L., Erny, G. L., Santos, L., & Alves, A. (2015) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.027 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Fate and Transport of Phthalates in Indoor Environments and the Influence of Temperature: A Case Study in a Test House
Bi, C., Liang, Y., & Xu, Y. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02787 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Systemic exposure to parabens: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration
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Levels, variability and determinants of environmental phenols in pairs of Norwegian mothers and children
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Predicting the environmental impact of nanosilver
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Urinary Concentrations of Parabens and Other Antimicrobial Chemicals and Their Association with Couples’ Fecundity
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The Norwegian biomonitoring study from the EU project EuroMix: Levels of phenols and phthalates in 24-hour urine samples and exposure sources from food and personal care products
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Environmental phenols and pubertal development in girls
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Elevated concentrations of urinary triclocarban, phenol and paraben among pregnant women in Northern Puerto Rico: Predictors and trends
Ashrap, P., Watkins, D. J., Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Rosario, Z., Brown, P., Vélez-Vega, C. M., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Cordero, J. F., & Meeker, J. D. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.020 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Phthalate esters, parabens and bisphenol-A exposure among mothers and their children in Greece (Rhea cohort)
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Skin absorption through atopic dermatitis skin: a systematic review
Halling, A., Kežić, S., Jakaša, I., Engebretsen, K. A., Maïbach, H. I., & Thyssen, J. P. (2016) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.15065 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Effect of triclosan, triclocarban, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether, and bisphenol A on the iodide uptake, thyroid peroxidase activity, and expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis
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Paraben Toxicology
Fransway, A. F., Fransway, P. J., Belsito, D. V., & Yiannias, J. A. (2019) · Dermatitis · doi:10.1097/der.0000000000000428 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
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Trophic Magnification of Parabens and Their Metabolites in a Subtropical Marine Food Web
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Parabens: Potential impact of Low-Affinity Estrogen receptor Binding chemicals on Human health
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Authors: Witorsch, R. J., & Thomas, J. A.
Affiliations: Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Witorsch, Raphael J.
ORCID: Thomas, John A.
Venue: Critical Reviews in Toxicology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-10-11
Volume: 40
Issue: sup3
Pages: 1-30
ISSN: 0045-6446 (ISSN-L)
1040-8444
1547-6898
DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.515563
OpenAlex: W2154786792
Cited by: 334
References: 123
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 1.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Critical Reviews in Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords: endocrine disruption, personal care products, phthalates, parabens, UV filters, polycyclic musks, antimicrobial agents, triclocarban, triclosan, diethyl phthalate, breast cancer, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, estrogenic activity, androgen receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, progestin receptor, human exposure
MeSH terms: Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Carbanilides, Cosmetics, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Parabens, Phthalic Acids, Receptors, Androgen, Triclosan, Ultraviolet Rays, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Rats, Endocrine Disruptors

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Personal care products and endocrine disruption: A critical review of the literature

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