The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Empowerment Theory
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These outcomes are consistent with empowerment theory, which posits that access to resources, agency, and achievements are central to women ' s empowerment processes”
From The Role of the Parish Development Model in Promoting Rural Transformation and Women's Financial Empowerment in Uganda: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Zimmerman, 2000
In the citing paper
“Lastly, empowerment theory 79 , 80 was briefly described as a lens for assessing youth participatory approaches in terms of the degree to which they created empowering conditions for youth at the individual, organizational and community levels.”
From A systematic review of theories, models and frameworks used for youth engagement in health research (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“We observed that the use of theory was more common in the psychology discipline, particularly community psychology. 44 , 50 , 80”
From A systematic review of theories, models and frameworks used for youth engagement in health research (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“According to Zimmerman [100], an empowering individual fosters an environment where others can gain confidence, access resources, and develop autonomy.”
From Rethinking “Empowering Technology” in Higher Education Accessibility: A Case Study of Disabled Students’ Experiences at a German University (2026) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“At the community level , empowerment emphasizes the collective capacity of a group of people to work together to create change and respond effectively to threats to the quality of life, often addressing social, economic, or political inequalities [100].”
From Rethinking “Empowering Technology” in Higher Education Accessibility: A Case Study of Disabled Students’ Experiences at a German University (2026) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“An empowered individual is someone who has gained the knowledge, skills, confidence, and control to actively shape their own experiences and advocate for their needs [100].”
From Rethinking “Empowering Technology” in Higher Education Accessibility: A Case Study of Disabled Students’ Experiences at a German University (2026) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“At the organizational level , an empowering organization is one that creates processes enabling its members to gain control, develop their skills, and effectively contribute to decision-making and organizational goals [100].”
From Rethinking “Empowering Technology” in Higher Education Accessibility: A Case Study of Disabled Students’ Experiences at a German University (2026) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“we draw upon Zimmerman's ET [100], which has previously been leveraged in accessibility research [95], and which offers us a lens to explore the role of technology at the individual, community, and organizational levels.”
From Rethinking “Empowering Technology” in Higher Education Accessibility: A Case Study of Disabled Students’ Experiences at a German University (2026) · cites this paper as [100]
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice
(1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-350_1 · Cited by 13,232
Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory
McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226464 · Cited by 7,381
From the New York Times Magazine
Minsky, & Hyman, P. (1979) · Cited by 6,899
REVIEW OF COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH: Assessing Partnership Approaches to Improve Public Health
Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B. (1998) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173 · Cited by 5,893
Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.
White, R. W. (1959) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0040934 · Cited by 5,681
The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice
Conger, J. A., & KANUNGO, R. N. (1988) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1988.4306983 · Cited by 4,574
Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations
Zimmerman, M. A. (1995) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02506983 · Cited by 2,317
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Alinsky, S. (1971). Rules for radicals NY: Vintage
- Brown, L. D. (1983). Organizing participatory research: Interfaces for joint inquiry and organizational change. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 4, 9–19
- Cornell Empowerment Group. (1989). Empowerment and family support. Networking Bulletin, 1,1–23
- De Charms, R. (1968). Personal causation New York: Academic
- Dougherty, D. (1988). Participation in community organizations: Effects on political efficacy, personal efficacy, and self-esteem Doctoral Dissertation, Boston University, Boston, MA
- Galaskiewicz, J. (1979). Exchange networks and community politics Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
- Gallant, R. V., Cohen, C., & Wolff, T. (1985). Change of older persons’ image, impact on public policy result from Highland Valley Empowerment Plan. Perspective on Aging, 14, 9–13
- Heil, W. B. (1991, August). Re-reviewing participation in decision-making: Toward a multidimensional model Paper presented at the Ninety-Ninth Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA
- Langer, E. J. (1983). The Psychology of Control. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1986). But is that rigorous?: Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. In D. D. Williams (Ed.), Naturalistic evaluation: New directions for program evaluation (pp. 73–84). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
- Pivan, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. (1977). Poor people’s movements: Why they succeed, how they fail New York: Vintage Books
- Rappaport, J. (1985). The power of empowerment language. Social Policy, 16, 15–21
- White, D. M. (1981). “Mediacracy”: Mass media and psychopathology. In J.M. Joffe & G. W. Albee (Eds.), Prevention through political action and social change. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England
- Zimmerman, M. A. (1986). Citizen participation, perceived control, and psychological empowerment Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grounded Theory and Sensitizing Concepts
Bowen, G. A. (2006) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940690600500304 · Cited by 2,124
Wandersman, A., Duffy, J., Flaspohler, P., Noonan, R., Lubell, K., Stillman, L., Blachman, M., Dunville, R., & Saul, J. (2008) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-008-9174-z · Cited by 1,339
Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts
Gee, G. C., & Payne-Sturges, D. C. (2004) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.7074 · Cited by 821
Critical consciousness: Current status and future directions
Watts, R. J., Diemer, M. A., & Voight, A. M. (2011) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.310 · Cited by 808
Israel, B., Checkoway, B., Schulz, A., & Zimmerman, M. (1994) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019819402100203 · Cited by 830
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Zimmerman, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zimmerman, Marc A.
- ORCID
- Zimmerman, Marc A.
- Venue
- Handbook of Community Psychology
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 2000
- Pages
- 43-63
- OpenAlex
- W2786267815
- Cited by
- 1,653
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 120 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 76.11
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Community Health and Development
- Social Sciences › Development › Community and Sustainable Development
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Social Sciences and Policies
- Keywords
- empowerment theory, empowerment, community empowerment, social change, community development, decision-making, organizational functioning, community life
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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