The Oldest Societies in Asia: The Politics of Ageing in South Korea and Japan

May combine two claims.

In the 2017 Japanese General Election, overall voter turnout was 53.68%, 47.87% of 18 year olds and 33.25% of 19 year olds cast their ballot.

“In the 2017 General Election, when overall voter turnout reached 53.68%, 47.87% of the 18 year olds and 33.25% of the 19 year olds cast their ballot.”

May combine two claims.

The number of foreign-born residents exercising their voting right in Korea is steadily increasing, but by 2020 it had not yet reached a level that would incentivize all political parties to address this group of voters in party platforms.

“Although the number of foreign-born residents exercising their voting right is steadily increasing, by 2020 it has not yet reached a level that would incentivize all political parties to address this group of voters in party platforms.”

May combine two claims.

Korea's population is still growing, although the looming stagnation has already become apparent.

“In comparison, Korea's population is still growing, although the looming stagnation has already become apparent.”

May combine two claims.

Japan's population began to shrink in 2011, resulting in almost two million fewer Japanese in 2019 than in 2010.

“Japan's population had already begun to shrink in 2011, which, in 2019, had resulted in almost two million fewer Japanese than in 2010 (COJ, 2020).”

• cites COJ, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In 2012, other major political parties in Korea started to incorporate related issues and policy plans into their programmes.

“and in 2012, other major political parties started to incorporate related issues and policy plans into their programmes.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Japan's old-age dependency ratio rose from about 43.5 in 1990 to 68.3 in 2019.

“While Japan's ratio, however, began its rise from there on until it reached 68.3 in 2019”

• cites Worldbank, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Japan and Korea are parliamentary democracies scoring similarly to European states on the Polity IV Project scale of country regimes.

“Japan and Korea are parliamentary democracies scoring similarly to European states, for example, on the Polity IV Project scale of country regimes (CSP, 2016).”

• cites CSP, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The UN Population Division expects that negative growth rates in Japan and Korea will be similar around 2050, as will the age structures of both populations.

“That is why the UN Population Division expects that negative growth rates in Japan and Korea will be similar around 2050, as will the age structures of both populations.”

• cites UNPD, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One part of an explanation for the age-turnout correlation could be that voting is a learned experience, meaning older voters are more likely to turn up at polling stations than younger ones.

“One part of an explanation could be that voting is a learned experience, which means that older voters are more likely to turn up at the polling stations than younger ones (cf.Goerres & Vanhuysse, 2012: 1).”

• cites Goerres & Vanhuysse, 2012: 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Korea's population increased from 20 million to 42 million between 1949 and 1990, and by almost another ten million by 2017.

“After having experienced a twofold increase from 20 million to 42 million between 1949 (right after the Republic's establishment) and 1990, Korea's population had increased by almost another ten million by 2017.”

May combine two claims.

Korea became the first OECD country to fall below a total fertility rate of 1 in 2018 (0.97) and its TFR decreased further in 2019 (0.92).

“Korea not only became the first OECD country to fall below 1 in 2018 (0.97) but the country saw its TFR decrease even further in 2019 (0.92) (COJ, 2020: 10).”

• cites COJ, 2020: 10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Korea, cohorts between 20 and 59 are of roughly equal size and retirees make up a smaller portion of the population.

“In Korea, on the other hand, cohorts between 20 and 59 are of roughly equal size and retirees make up a smaller portion of the population (Fig. 2).”

May combine two claims.

Predictions for 2020 show a disproportionate middle-aged bulge in Korea with a simultaneous decrease in the youth population, a trend that will continue over the next twenty years.

“Predictions for 2020 demonstrate a disproportionate middle-aged bulge with a simultaneous decrease in the youth population-a trend that will continue over the next twenty years.”

May combine two claims.

The share of elderly people in Korea is growing steadily and is expected to rise by a more than twofold increase over the next three decades.

“but growing steadily and expected to rise by a more than twofold increase predicted for the next three decades.”

• cites UNPD, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most people in Japan and Korea live in urban areas (2019: Japan 91.7%, Korea 81.4%).

“most people live in urban areas (2019: Japan: 91.7%, Korea: 81.4%) (UNPD, 2020)”

• cites UNPD, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As many studies showed, career options for mothers returning to the job market are drastically reduced, and many women work part-time and/or as irregulars with less social security and job protection than regular full-time employees.

“As many studies showed, career options are drastically reduced, and many women work part-time and/or as irregulars with less social security and job protection than regular full-time employees.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Korea, one-parent families' child allowance was raised from Kwn 120,000 to Kwn 130,000 per month.

“In addition, one-parent families' child allowance was raised from Kwn 120,000 to Kwn 130,000 per month (Ministry of Strategy and Finance, 2018: 96).”

• cites Ministry of Strategy and Finance, 2018: 96Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Korea, medical centres for childbirth were to be extended and an additional 150-450 public kindergarten facilities newly created.

“Moreover, not only were medical centres for childbirth to be extended, but also an additional 150-450 different public kindergarten facilities to be newly created (Ministry of Strategy and Finance Ministry of Strategy and Finance, 2018: 30).”

• cites Ministry of Strategy and Finance, 2018: 30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Prime Minister Abe Shinzô postponed the consumption tax increase from 8 to 10% two times (in 2014 and 2016), finally implementing it in October 2019, thus considerably increasing tax revenues.

“Prime Minister Abe Shinzô postponed the increase from 8 to 10% two times (in 2014and 2016, Klein & McLaughlin, 2018: 56-57), finally implementing it in October 2019, thus considerably increasing tax revenues (cf.MoFJ, 2020).”

• cites Klein & McLaughlin, 2018: 56-57 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites MoFJ, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Korea, child-rearing allowances payment was increased so that a parent can receive 80% of her/his salary for the first three months of parental leave.

“Child-rearing allowances payment was increased so that a parent can receive 80% of her/his salary for the first three months of parental leave”

• cites Ministry of Strategy and Finance 2018: 66Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

While the public financial burden of demographic change is still comparatively small in Korea, Japanese governments have been looking for ways to fight an increasing gap in state budgets triggered by population ageing.

“While the public financial burden of demographic change is still comparatively small in Korea, Japanese governments have been looking for ways to fight an increasing gap in state budgets triggered by population ageing (MoFJ, 2017, see for a comparative analysis of Japan, Germany and Italy Sciubbba 2012).”

• cites MoFJ, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sciubbba 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Japan, Yen 35.9 trillion of the national budget for fiscal year 2020 was allocated to social security, complemented by Yen 84.4 trillion from insurance contributions and other sources to make a total social security budget of Yen 123.7 trillion.

“In Japan, Yen 35.9 trillion of the national budget for the fiscal year 2020 was allocated to social security.These resources complemented another Yen 84.4 trillion from insurance contributions and other sources to make up a total budget for social security of Yen 123.7 trillion.”

• cites MoF, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Korea, the majority of voters from their 20s to their 40s tend to vote liberal, while the majority of voters from their 50s upwards traditionally tend to vote conservative.

“Whereas the majority of voters from their 20s to their 40s tend to vote liberal, the majority of voters from their 50s upwards traditionally tend to vote conservative (cf.Shin, 2001: 172-179).”

• cites Shin, 2001: 172-179 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

With tax increases being unpopular and Japan's industry pointing at the risk a tax increase could pose for the economy, the issue was often taken off the political agenda again.

“With tax increases being unpopular and Japan's industry continuously pointing at the risk a tax increase could pose for the country's economy, the issue was often taken off the political agenda again.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The DPJ hoped that giving more money to families would help them pay for education and thus encourage them to have more children.

“The DPJ hoped that giving more money to families would help them pay for education and thus encourage them to have more children.”

May combine two claims.

Younger voters in Japan and Korea are fewer in number but remain comparatively disinterested and unorganized in political matters.

“On the other end of the age distribution, however, younger voters are not only fewer in number but remain comparatively disinterested and unorganized in political matters.”

May combine two claims.

In Japan, the state covered average long-term care costs per citizen aged 65-74 of Yen 14,000 annually, while for citizens 75 and older it was Yen 137,000.

“the state covered average costs per citizen in the age cohort 65-74 of Yen 14,000 annually for long-term care, while the same amount for citizens 75 and older amounted to Yen 137,000.”

• cites MoFJ, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

With a growing share of senior citizens, the ability of pension and health systems to sustain a satisfying standard of living at low costs is of high political significance.

“Clearly, with a growing share of senior citizens, the ability of the pension and health systems to sustain a satisfying standard of living at low costs is of high political significance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The DPJ child allowance policy had only been implemented halfway when the LDP regained power and shelved the increase.

“In the end, the policy had only been implemented halfway when the LDP regained power and shelved the increase.”

May combine two claims.

The largest increases among Korea's social welfare items were in employment at 30.4% and general social security by 35.9%.

“The largest increases among the social welfare items were in employment at 30.4% and general social security by 35.9% (Ministry of Strategy and Finance, 2018: 104).”

• cites Ministry of Strategy and Finance, 2018: 104Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The social security budget consumed 34.9% of Japan's national budget in 2020, an increase from 17.5% in 1990.

“The social security budget consumed 34.9% of the national budget in 2020, an increase from 17.5% in 1990 (MoFJ, 2020).”

• cites MoFJ, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Regional sentiments or regionalism has been a pervasive factor in Korean elections since the late 1980s and still is one of the major factors deciding elections.

“Regional sentiments or regionalism has been a pervasive factor in elections since the late 1980s and still is one of the major factors deciding elections.”

May combine two claims.

By dedicating consumption tax revenue to lowering education costs, Abe addressed an important issue that has kept young adults in both Japan and Korea from having more children.

“By doing so, he addressed an important issue that has kept young adults (in both countries) from having (more) children.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The financial burden of an education system that promises better jobs mostly to those who attend expensive private schools and universities works as an impediment for young couples in Japan and Korea.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A bonus system for fathers took effect in Korea as of July 2018, amounting to up to Kwn 2 million.

“and a bonus system for fathers took effect as of July 2018 which amounts to a sum of up to Kwn 2 million (Ministry of Strategy and Finance 2018: 66).”

• cites Ministry of Strategy and Finance 2018: 66Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Korea increased its budget for social welfare from Kwn 129.5 trillion to Kwn 146.2 trillion, about one-third (34.1%) of the total 2018 budget of Kwn 429 trillion, an increase of 12.9%.

“Korea, too, increased its budget for social welfare from Kwn 129.5 trillion to Kwn 146.2 trillion, which is about one-third (34.1%) of the total 2018 budget of Kwn 429 trillion, and amounts to an increase of 12.9% in budget.”

• cites No, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The M-shaped curve phenomenon can be observed in both Japan and Korea, although the labour force participation rate of Japanese women is considerably higher than that of Korean females.

“This phenomenon can be observed in both countries, although the labour force participation rate of Japanese women is considerably higher than that of Korean females.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Korea, public housing for newly wedded couples was to be increased by 30,000 households and favourable options provided for purchasing or renting houses or taking out loans.

“Public housing for newly wedded couples was to be increased by 30,000 households and favourable options to be provided when purchasing or renting houses or when taking out loans.”

May combine two claims.

Japan's social security expenditure reached 23.6% of GDP in 2017, similar to many European countries with considerably higher tax revenues.

“Japan's expenditure, however, reached 23.6% of the country's GDP, similar to many European countries with considerably higher tax revenues (MoFJ, 2020).”

• cites MoFJ, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Educating children in Korea and Japan is an economic burden and produces an 'educational spiral' that has an increasingly negative effect on fertility.

“Educating children in Korea and Japan is an economic burden and, as Holthus and Klein (2010) suggest, produces an 'educational spiral' that has an increasingly negative effect on fertility.”

• cites Holthus and Klein (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 2017, 82.1% of Japanese women aged 25-29 were employed; for 30-34 and 35-39 the share does not decrease further than 75.2% and 73.4%, respectively, returning to 79.4% for 45-49 year olds.

“In 2017, 82.1% of Japanese women of the age cohort 25-29 were employed.For the next two cohorts (30-34 and 35-39), the share does not decrease further than 75.2% and 73.4%, respectively, returning to 79.4% for the 45-49 year old (GoJ, 2020).”

• cites GoJ, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In both Japan and Korea, measures directly related to pregnancy, birth, childcare and other forms of child support have been discussed and sometimes implemented.

“In both countries, measures directly related to pregnancy, birth, childcare and other forms of child support have been discussed and sometimes implemented.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

People living in the south-eastern region of Yȏngnam tend to vote conservatively while those who reside in the south-western region of Honam vote liberally.

“People living in the south-eastern region of Yȏngnam tend to vote conservatively while those who reside in the south-western region of Honam vote liberally.”

May combine two claims.

Korea's general gross government debt in 2017 stood at 39.6% of GDP while Japan's state debt was 250.4%, the highest figure among all OECD countries.

“In addition, Korea's general gross government debt in 2017 stood at 39.6% of the country's GDP while Japanese governments had driven their state debt to 250.4%, by far the highest figure among all OECD countries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In public policy fields of social welfare, political parties immediately feel negative reactions of voters to measures that reduce social welfare benefits or raise costs like co-payments.

“It is in these public policy fields that political parties immediately feel negative reactions of voters to measures that reduce social welfare benefits or raise costs like co-payments.”

May combine two claims.

Political reactions to demographic change are crucial and complex, but because consequences of demographic change develop incrementally, political decision makers can easily be tempted to procrastinate and postpone the search for appropriate policies into the future.

“In offering an overview and comparison of Japan and Korea, this chapter has added evidence that political reactions to demographic change are crucial and complex but because consequences of demographic change develop incrementally, political decision makers can easily be tempted to procrastinate and postpone the search for appropriate policies into the future.”

May combine two claims.

The attitude of Koreans is not necessarily in principle against immigrants as such, but against 'too many'-a phenomenon that can be observed in many other countries as well.

“which makes clear that the attitude is not necessarily in principle against immigrants as such, but against 'too many'-a phenomenon that can be observed in many other countries as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Altogether, 2.3 million foreigners are registered as living in Korea, a share of 4.5% of the country's total population.

“Altogether, 2.3 million foreigners are registered as living in Korea, a share of 4.5% of the country's total population (KOSIS).”

• cites KOSISNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Marriage immigration to Korea grew from almost 5,000 marriages in 1990 to more than 20,000 marriages in 2016, with wives mostly from China and Vietnam, and husbands from China or the US.

“Yet another increase in the influx of foreigners was due to marriage immigration that also began to take off in the beginning of the 2000s, only to grow from almost 5,000 marriages in 1990 to more than 20,000 marriages in 2016 (KOSIS) with wives coming mostly from China and Vietnam, and husbands from China or the US.”

• cites KOSISNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

By 2020, Japan had not developed any kind of (social) integration policy but continued to open its doors to immigration.

“As a result, by 2020, Japan had not developed any kind of (social) integration policy but continued to open its doors to immigration.”

May combine two claims.

Both Japan and Korea have seen a steady increase in foreign-born immigrants and mixed (multicultural) families since 1990, albeit to different degrees.

“Both countries have seen a steady increase in foreign-born immigrants and mixed (multicultural) families since 1990, albeit to different degrees.”

May combine two claims.

The perception of Korean residents about immigrants is increasingly negative, though the degree is not dramatic yet.

“The perception of Korean residents about immigrants is increasingly negative though the degree is not dramatic, yet.”

• cites Choi & Lee, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kim & Kim, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yoon, 2016Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Another 20% of foreigners working in Japan in late 2016 were students who were allowed to work up to 27 hours per week and since the late 1980s increasingly filled positions in restaurants, shops and services.

“Another 20% were students who were allowed to work up to 27 hours per week and since the late 1980s increasingly filled positions in restaurants, shops and services (Hennings & Mintz, 2018).”

• cites Hennings & Mintz, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Korean government evaluates immigrants as a determinant to the creation of new jobs and innovation in society and thus plans to invite more talented foreigners to contribute to the economy.

“The government evaluates immigrants as a determinant to the creation of new jobs and innovation in society and thus plans to invite more talented foreigners to contribute to the economy (Immigration Policy Committee, 2012: 18).”

• cites Immigration Policy Committee, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Given demographic development and budget restraints, immigration of younger working populations seems like a promising alternative solution to the challenges faced by both societies.

“Given the demographic development and budget restraints described so far, the immigration of younger working populations seems like a promising alternative solution to the challenges faced by both societies.”

May combine two claims.

The negative perception pressures political parties and the government to develop policies to alleviate related issues, which is why political parties have recently become increasingly interested in the issue of immigration and multicultural society.

“Rather, it pressures political parties and the government to develop policies to alleviate related issues, which is why political parties have recently become increasingly interested in the issue of immigration and multicultural society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Liu-Farrer referred to educational visas as 'disguised labor migration'.

“Liu-Farrer referred to this as”

• cites Liu-FarrerNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Pressure to act is clearly increasing due to labour shortages and a rapidly ageing and shrinking society-a trajectory Japan has been on for decades and Korea has entered with considerable speed.

“Pressure to act, however, is clearly increasing due to labour shortages and a rapidly ageing and shrinking society-a trajectory that Japan has been on for decades and Korea has entered with considerable speed.”

May combine two claims.

In general, Koreans have become more reserved in their attitudes towards an increasingly multicultural society, which also has negative repercussions for the adaptation of immigrants.

“In general, Koreans have become more reserved in their attitudes towards an increasingly multicultural society, which also has negative repercussions for the adaptation of immigrants (Choi & Lee, 2016;Kim & Kim, 2017;Yoon, 2016).”

• cites Choi & Lee, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kim & Kim, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yoon, 2016Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The U.S. State Department in 2016 stated that the technical intern trainees programme 'has effectively become a guest-worker program' with many interns 'placed in jobs that do not teach or develop technical skills'.

“The wide-spread abuse of this programme, however, led even the U.S. State Department in 2016 to state in its 'Trafficking in Persons Report' that the programme”

• cites Iwamoto, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

One major factor keeping governments from allowing needed labour immigration is that ruling parties assume there is little enthusiasm among voters for substantial labour immigration from abroad, resulting in 'stealth policies' that open doors for mostly temporary foreign-born workers under labels such as 'internship programs'.

“One major factor is that while highly qualified workers are usually welcome in specified sectors, the ruling parties assume there is little enthusiasm among voters for substantial labour immigration from abroad, resulting in 'stealth policies' that open doors for (mostly) temporary foreign-born workers under the label of, for example, 'internship programs'.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Ruling parties in Japan and Korea assume there is little enthusiasm among voters for substantial labour immigration from abroad.

May combine two claims.

In Japan, the number of registered foreigners more than doubled between 1990 and 2015 from one to more than two million, equal to 1.78% of Japan's total population.

“In Japan, the number of registered foreigners more than doubled between 1990 and 2015 from one to more than two million, equal to a share of 1.78% of Japan's total population (IPSS, 2017a).”

• cites IPSS, 2017aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The current Basic Plan for Multicultural Families Policy in Korea stretches from 2018 to 2022 and envisages that state agencies assist not only in bride recruitment and family formation, but also in integration and family stability, raising the next generation, and integration into the formal labour market.

“The current Basic Plan stretches from 2018 to 2022 and envisages that state agencies assist not only in bride recruitment and family formation, but also in integration and family stability, raising the next generation, and integration into the formal labour market (Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, 2018: 10-12; cf.Kim & Kilkey, 2017: 7-10).”

• cites Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kim & Kilkey, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

While demand for foreign workers is expressed by labour-intensive industries in both countries, governments are also facing unwillingness of large parts of the population to allow (more or 'too much') immigration.

“While the demand for foreign workers is expressed by labour-intensive industries in both countries, governments are also facing an unwillingness of large parts of the population to allow (more or 'too much') immigration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For the time being, pointing at the experience of other democracies with large-scale immigration seems to suffice to leave the narrative of labour immigration as a threat to social peace as it is in Japan.

“For the time being, pointing at the experience of other democracies with large-scale immigration seems to suffice to leave the narrative as it is.”

May combine two claims.

Work-life balance has been declared a political goal by governments in both Japan and Korea but remains unattainable to a large part for female and male employees.

“Work-life balance has been declared a political goal by governments in both countries but remains unattainable to a large part for female and male employees (for Japan, cf.Aronsson, 2014; for Korea cf.Park, 2019)”

• cites Aronsson, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Park, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

According to Hennings and Mintz (2018: 112), the size of Japan's foreign workforce has been continuously underestimated, mainly because the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare has published incomplete and flawed data.

“According to the count of Hennings and Mintz (2018: 112), the”

• cites Hennings & Mintz, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In both Japan and Korea, women are generally expected to take responsibility for raising their children and household work, even though numbers of housemen and spouses who take longer child-rearing leaves are slowly rising.

“In both countries, women are generally expected to take responsibility for raising their children and household work, even though numbers of housemen and spouses who take longer child-rearing leaves from work are slowly rising.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In migration research, Japan and Korea belong to the group of 'new immigration countries'.

“In migration research, Japan and Korea belong to the group of 'new immigration countries' (Hollifield et al., 2014).”

• cites Hollifield et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The political debate on immigration in Japan over the last three decades has been characterized by phases of different intensities and a number of different policy approaches, most of which resulted in backdoor immigration as a compromise, while the issue was mostly ignored in the public debate.

“Consequently, the political debate on immigration over the last three decades has been characterized by phases of different intensities and a number of different policy approaches, most of which resulted in backdoor immigration as a compromise, while the issue was mostly ignored in the public debate.”