Byzantine Fault Tolerance, from Theory to Reality

The Byzantine generals problem

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Real-time systems: Design principles for distributed embedded applications

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The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory1

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The Byzantine generals problem

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SIFT: Design and analysis of a fault-tolerant computer for aircraft control

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FTMP—A highly reliable fault-tolerant multiprocess for aircraft

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Impact of deep submicron technology on dependability of VLSI circuits

Constantinescu, C. S. (2003) · International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/dsn.2002.1028901 · Cited by 192 · see citing works

Beyond the byzantine generals: unexpected behavior and bridging fault diagnosis

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Formal verification for time-triggered clock synchronization

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Measured Flip-Flop Responses to Marginal Triggering

Chaney (1983) · IEEE Transactions on Computers · doi:10.1109/tc.1983.1676187 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Tolerating Arbitrary Node Failures in the Time-Triggered Architecture

Kopetz, H., Bauer, G., & Poledna, S. (2001) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2001-01-0677 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Slightly-off-specification failures in the time-triggered architecture

Ademaj, A. (2003) · Proceedings · doi:10.1109/hldvt.2002.1224420 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

SAFEbus

Hoyme, K., & Driscoll, K. R. (2003) · IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) · doi:10.1109/dasc.1992.282179 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

A conceptual design for a Reliable Optical Bus (ROBUS)

Miner, P. S., Malekpour, M. R., & Torres, W. (2003) · IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) · doi:10.1109/dasc.2002.1053014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Heavy-Ion Fault Injections in the Time-Triggered Communication Protocol

Sivencrona, H., Johannessen, P., Persson, M., & Torin, J. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45214-0_8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

The BRAKE Project - Centralized Versus Distributed Redundancy for Brake-by-Wire Systems

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Closing the AI accountability gap: defining an end-to-end framework for internal algorithmic auditing

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Blockchain Meets IoT: An Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT

Novo, O. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2812239 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works

A Survey on Blockchain Technology: Evolution, Architecture and Security

Bhutta, M. N. M., Khwaja, A. A., Nadeem, A., Ahmad, H. F., Khan, M. K., Hanif, M., Song, H., Alshamari, M., & Cao, Y. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3072849 · Cited by 556 · see citing works

A Survey of IoT Applications in Blockchain Systems

Lao, L., Li, Z., Hou, S., Xiao, B., Guo, S., & Yang, Y. (2020) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3372136 · Cited by 311 · see citing works

A Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Architecture and its Applications: Problems and Recommendations

Syed, T. A., Alzahrani, A., Jan, S., Siddiqui, M. S., Nadeem, A., & Alghamdi, T. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957660 · Cited by 282 · see citing works

A Review of Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Protocols: Use Cases, Challenges, and Solutions

Ismail, L., & Materwala, H. (2019) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym11101198 · Cited by 278 · see citing works

A Taxonomy of Blockchain Technologies: Principles of Identification and Classification

Tasca, P., & Tessone, C. J. (2019) · Ledger · doi:10.5195/ledger.2019.140 · Cited by 263 · see citing works

Consortium blockchains: Overview, applications and challenges

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The Performance Evaluation of Blockchain-Based Security and Privacy Systems for the Internet of Things: A Tutorial

Ferrag, M. A., & Shu, L. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3078072 · Cited by 228 · see citing works

Closing the AI Accountability Gap: Defining an End-to-End Framework for Internal Algorithmic Auditing

Raji, I. D., Smart, A., White, R. N., Mitchell, M., Gebru, T., Hutchinson, B., Smith-Loud, J., Theron, D., & Barnes, P. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.00973 · Cited by 179 · see citing works

G-PBFT: A Location-based and Scalable Consensus Protocol for IoT-Blockchain Applications

Lao, L., Dai, X., Xiao, B., & Guo, S. (2020) · IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS) · doi:10.1109/ipdps47924.2020.00074 · Cited by 156 · see citing works

ByRDiE: Byzantine-Resilient Distributed Coordinate Descent for Decentralized Learning

Yang, Z., & Bajwa, W. U. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks · doi:10.1109/tsipn.2019.2928176 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

BRIDGE: Byzantine-Resilient Decentralized Gradient Descent

Fang, C., Yang, Z., & Bajwa, W. U. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks · doi:10.1109/tsipn.2022.3188456 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

The byzantine empire in the intercloud

Vukolić, M. (2010) · ACM SIGACT News · doi:10.1145/1855118.1855137 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

A blockchain-based secure data-sharing framework for Software Defined Wireless Body Area Networks

Hasan, K., Chowdhury, M. J. M., Biswas, K., Ahmed, K. E. U., Islam, M. S., & Usman, M. (2022) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

A survey on scalable consensus algorithms for blockchain technology

Jain, A. K., Gupta, N., & Gupta, B. B. (2024) · Cyber Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.csa.2024.100065 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

PoEWAL: A lightweight consensus mechanism for blockchain in IoT

Raghav, Andola, N., Venkatesan, S., & Verma, S. (2020) · Pervasive and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2020.101291 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Monitoring Distributed Real-Time Systems: A Survey and Future Directions

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Ontology of Blockchain Technologies. Principles of Identification and ClassificationPreprint

Tasca, P., & Thanabalasingham, T. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2977811 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Blockchain based consensus checking in decentralized cloud storage

Zhu, Z., Qi, G., Zheng, M., Sun, J., & Chai, Y. (2019) · Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory · doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2019.101987 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Reasoning about the Reliability of Diverse Two-Channel Systems in Which One Channel Is "Possibly Perfect"

Bev Littlewood, A., & Rushby, J. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2011.80 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

A Study on Run Time Assurance for Complex Cyber Physical Systems

Clark, M., Koutsoukos, X., Porter, J., Kumar, R., Pappas, G. J., Sokolsky, O. V., Lee, I., & Pike, L. (2013) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ada585474 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Robus-2: A Fault-Tolerant Broadcast Communication System

Torres-Pomales, W., Malekpour, M. R., & Miner, P. S. (2013) · Cited by 48 · see citing works

AADL-Based safety analysis using formal methods applied to aircraft digital systems

Stewart, D., Liu, J., Cofer, D. D., Heimdahl, M. P. E., Whalen, M. W., & Peterson, M. (2021) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2021.107649 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Bounded Delay in Byzantine-Tolerant State Machine Replication

Milosevic, Z., Biely, M., & Schiper, A. (2013) · IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS) · doi:10.1109/srds.2013.15 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Risks to the Public

Neumann, P. G. (2019) · ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes · doi:10.1145/3325642.3325643 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Cyber conflict or democracy “hacked”? How cyber operations enhance information warfare

Whyte, C. (2020) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaa013 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Modeling and Mitigating Transient Errors in Logic Circuits

Polian, I., Hayes, J. P., Reddy, S. M., & Becker, B. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2010.26 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Coverage and the Use of Cyclic Redundancy Codes in Ultra-Dependable Systems

Paulitsch, M., Morris, J. M., Hall, B., Driscoll, K. R., Latronico, E., & Koopman, P. J. (2005) · International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/dsn.2005.31 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Trust but Verify: The Oracle Paradox of Blockchain Smart Contracts

Albizri, A., & Appelbaum, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.2308/isys-19-024 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

A Byzantine-Fault Tolerant Self-stabilizing Protocol for Distributed Clock Synchronization Systems

Malekpour, M. R. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49823-0_29 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

System Design

Kopetz, H. (2011) · Real-time systems series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8237-7_11 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

A Safety-Case Approach for Certifying Adaptive Systems

Rushby, J. (2009) · AIAA Infotech@Aerospace Conference · doi:10.2514/6.2009-1992 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Distributed reconfigurable avionics architectures

Strunk, E. A., Knight, J. C., & Aiello, M. A. (2005) · IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) · doi:10.1109/dasc.2004.1390803 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

A Secure Big Data Storage Framework Based on Blockchain Consensus Mechanism With Flexible Finality

Sasikumar, A., Ravi, L., Kotecha, K. V., Abraham, A., Devarajan, M., & Subramaniyaswamy, V. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3282322 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Transient fault characterization in dynamic noisy environments

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SIoTFog: Byzantine-resilient IoT fog networking

Xu, J., Ota, K., Dong, M., Liu, A., & Li, Q. (2018) · Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering · doi:10.1631/fitee.1800519 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Architectural Modeling and Analysis for Safety Engineering

Stewart, D., Whalen, M. W., Cofer, D. D., & Heimdahl, M. P. E. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64119-5_7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Abstractions for Fault-Tolerant Distributed System Verification

Pike, L., Maddalon, J. M., Miner, P. S., & Geser, A. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30142-4_19 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Pruneable sharding-based blockchain protocol

Feng, X., Ma, J., Miao, Y., Meng, Q., Liu, X., Jiang, Q. G., & Li, H. (2018) · Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications · doi:10.1007/s12083-018-0685-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Blockchain in digital cultural heritage resources: technological integration, consensus mechanisms, and future directions

Liu, X., Dong, F., Shui, W., & Geng, G. (2025) · npj Heritage Science · doi:10.1038/s40494-025-01818-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

The current state of FPGA technology in the nuclear domain

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SimplePIM: A Software Framework for Productive and Efficient Processing-in-Memory

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The Startup Problem in Fault-Tolerant Time-Triggered Communication

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New Insights Into the Single Event Transient Propagation Through Static and TSPC Logic

Hamad, G. B., Hasan, S. R., Mohamed, O. A., & Savaria, Y. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/tns.2014.2305434 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Quantum Blockchain Based on Dimensional Lifting Generalized Gram-Schmidt Procedure

Nilesh, K., & Panigrahi, P. K. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3208123 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Blockchain-based Secure Routing Strategy for Airborne Mesh Networks

Liu, Y., Wang, J., Song, H., Li, J., & Yuan, J. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Internet (ICII) · doi:10.1109/icii.2019.00021 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

A systematic survey on fault-tolerant solutions for distributed data analytics: Taxonomy, comparison, and future directions

Isukapalli, S., & Srirama, S. N. (2024) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2024.100660 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Heavy-Ion Fault Injections in the Time-Triggered Communication Protocol

Sivencrona, H., Johannessen, P., Persson, M., & Torin, J. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45214-0_8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Distributed triangulation in the presence faulty and byzantine beacons in aircraft networks with ADS-B technology

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Practical Experience Report: Automotive Safety Practices vs. Accepted Principles

Koopman, P. J. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99130-6_1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Property Rights, Knowledge Commons, and Blockchain Governance

Allen, D. W. E., Berg, C., Davidson, S., & Potts, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692915.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

IGOR: Accelerating Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Real-Time Systems with Eager Execution

Loveless, A. T., Dreslinski, R., Kasikci, B., & Phan, L. T. X. (2021) · IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS) · doi:10.1109/rtas52030.2021.00036 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

A Survey on Consensus Algorithms of Blockchain Based on DAG

Lu, X., Jiang, C., & Wang, P. (2024) · Blockchain and Internet of Things Conference (BIOTC) · doi:10.1145/3688225.3688232 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A Quad-Redundant PLC Architecture for Cyber-Resilient Industrial Control Systems

Luo, J., Kang, M. H., Bisse, E., Veldink, M., Okunev, D., Kolb, S., Tylka, J. G., & Canedo, A. (2020) · IEEE Embedded Systems Letters · doi:10.1109/les.2020.3011309 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Model Checking Failed Conjectures in Theorem Proving: A Case Study

Pike, L., Miner, P. S., & Torres-Pomales, W. (2013) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Blockchain Economical Models, Delegated Proof of Economic Value and Delegated Adaptive Byzantine Fault Tolerance and their implementation in Artificial Intelligence BlockCloud

Deng, Q. (2019) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm12040177 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Interactive Consistency on a Time-Triggered Real-Time Control Network

Ryan, C., Heffernan, D., & Leen, G. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2006.885189 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Modeling, analyzing, and abstracting single event transient propagation at gate level

Hamad, G. B., Hasan, S. R., Mohamed, O. A., & Savaria, Y. (2014) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.2014.6908465 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

A Taxonomic Hierarchy of Blockchain Consensus Algorithms: An Evolutionary Phylogeny Approach

Kim, H., & Kim, D. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23052739 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Blockchain technology: Challenges and opportunities in public finance

Lopes, D. C. F., de Castro, A. L., & Russo, L. X. (2024) · RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie · doi:10.1590/1678-6971/eramr240208 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Quantifying the reliability of proven SPIDER group membership service guarantees

Latronico, E., Miner, P. S., & Koopman, P. J. (2004) · International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/dsn.2004.1311897 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

No-Dealer: Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Random Number Generator

Krasnoselskii, M., Melnikov, G., & Yanovich, Y. (2020) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) · doi:10.1109/infocomwkshps50562.2020.9162907 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

A survey on reliable distributed communication

Ivaki, N., Laranjeiro, N., & Araújo, F. (2017) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2017.03.028 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

An Architecture for Safe Driving Automation

Kopetz, H. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22337-2_4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Chainknot: Redactable Blockchain Protocol With Forced Synchronization

Duan, J., Gu, L., Wang, W., & Wang, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2024.3359313 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A new architecture for single-event detection & reconfiguration of SRAM-based FPGAs

Kamanu, E., Reddy, P., Hsu, K. W., & Lukowaik, M. (2007) · IEEE International Symposium on High Assurance Systems Engineering (HASE) · doi:10.1109/hase.2007.68 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Towards the application of swarm intelligence in safety critical systems

Winfield, A. F. T., Harper, C., & Nembrini, J. (2006) · IET International Conference on System Safety · doi:10.1049/cp:20060207 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Byzantine Anomaly Testing for Charm++: Providing Fault Tolerance and Survivability for Charm++ Empowered Clusters

Mogilevsky, D., Koenig, G. A., & Yurcik, W. J. (2006) · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid) · doi:10.1109/ccgrid.2006.1630925 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Formal verification of time-triggered systems

Johnson, S., & Pike, L. (2006) · Cited by 10 · see citing works

CAROL: Confidence-Aware Resilience Model for Edge Federations

Tuli, S., Casale, G., & Jennings, N. R. (2022) · 2022 52nd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN) · doi:10.1109/dsn53405.2022.00016 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Improving the performance of the Proof-of-Work Consensus Protocol Using Machine learning

Safana, M. A., Arafa, Y., & Ma, J. (2020) · International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA) · doi:10.1109/bcca50787.2020.9274082 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Fault‐tolerant procedures for redundant computer systems

Samet, R. (2008) · Quality and Reliability Engineering International · doi:10.1002/qre.949 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Computationally Intensive Functions in Designing and Operating Distributed Cyber Secure and Resilient Systems

Tagarev, T. D., & Sharkov, G. (2019) · International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (CompSysTech) · doi:10.1145/3345252.3345255 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Model-Based Development of Fault-Tolerant Real-Time Systems

Buckl, C. (2008) · mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Dependability

Kopetz, H., & Steiner, W. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11992-7_6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Blockchain Consensus Mechanism for Distributed Energy Transactions

Wu, J., Liu, Y., Cai, J., & Su, S. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/4314734 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Blockchain based Consensus Checking in Cloud Storage

Qi, G., Zhu, Z., Haner, M. S., Sim, J., Sun, J., Chai, Y., Chen, Y., & Li, Y. (2019) · International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems · doi:10.1109/isads45777.2019.9155713 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

DRDChain: a blockchain-based distributed resource directory for the internet of things

Zaghouani, K., Djamaa, B., & Yachir, A. (2023) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-023-04177-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

AI and Financial Markets

Hamori, S., & Takiguchi, T. (2020) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03936-225-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Improving Fault Tolerance and Tackling Broker Failure in MQTT through Blockchain

Paul, G. A., Jagnani, Y., & Supraja, P. (2023) · International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (ICAECT) · doi:10.1109/icaect57570.2023.10118032 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Mixed Criticality Systems : Beyond Transient Faults

Thekkilakattil, A., Burns, A., Dobrin, R., & Punnekkat, S. (2015) · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Enhanced Dispatchability Of Aircrafts Using Multi-Static Configurations

Engel, C., Jenn, É., Schmitt, P. H., Coutinho, R. M. A., & Schoofs, T. (2010) · HAL · doi:10.5281/zenodo.11414 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Research on an improved practical byzantine fault tolerance algorithm

Sakho, S., Zhang, J., Essaf, F., Badiss, K., Tchewafei, A., & Kiprop, J. K. (2020) · International Conference on Advances in Computer Technology, Information Science and Communications (CTISC) · doi:10.1109/ctisc49998.2020.00035 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Greft: Arbitrary Fault-Tolerant Distributed Graph Processing

Presser, D., Lung, L. C., & Correia, M. P. (2015) · IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress) · doi:10.1109/bigdatacongress.2015.73 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Byzantine Political EconomyPreprint

Berg, C., Davidson, S., & Potts, J. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3344110 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Resource‐Aware Intrusion Response Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Software‐Defined Internet‐of‐Battle‐Things

Yoon, S., Cho, J., Dixit, G., & Chen, I.-R. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119723950.ch20 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Parallel Byzantine Fault Tolerance Consensus for Blockchain Secured Swarm Robots

Wang, R., Ma, F., Tang, S. H., Su, Z., & Xu, C. (2025) · Journal of Field Robotics · doi:10.1002/rob.70010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

A Diversity-Based Approach for Managing Faults in Web Services

Abdeldjelil, H., Faci, N., Maamar, Z., & Benslimane, D. (2012) · International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA) · doi:10.1109/aina.2012.85 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

FINGER: A novel erasure coding scheme using fine granularity blocks to improve Hadoop write and update performance

Subedi, P., Huang, P. S., Young, B., & He, X. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS) · doi:10.1109/nas.2015.7255194 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Self-Adaptive Resilient Service Composition

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Fault Tolerance in Real-Time Systems: A Review

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Real-Time Replica Consistency over Ethernet with Reliability Bounds

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Filtering Inconsistent Failure in Robot Collective Decision with Blockchain

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