Epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis in the Madrid region, Spain
Abstract
A cross-sectional serological survey was carried out in the Madrid Autonomous Region (Comunidad de Madrid) in order to study and describe canine leishmaniasis epidemiology. The presence of leishmaniasis-specific antibodies was ascertained by immunofluorescence testing, 591 dogs were screened, revealing a prevalence of 5.25% (95% confidence interval 7.4-3.6), with no difference being encountered between rural and periurban areas. Age-specific prevalence exhibits a peak at 2-3 years and another at 7-8 years. Incidence or force of infection by occupation is as follows: pet dogs 0.059 (95% confidence interval 0.009-0.108) and working dogs 0.035 (95% confidence interval 0.012-0.057), there being a ratio between infection rates of 1.7, viz., indicating a 70% greater risk of infection among pet than among working dogs. The basic case reproduction number R0 is 1.06, suggesting that very intense control measures would not be needed for a drop in prevalence and incidence of infection to be achieved.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the traditionally endemic areas, L. infantum prevalences remain high.
“Here, taking as reference studies of several areas or provinces (9, 13, 46–49), the prevalences remain high”
From Current Distribution of Selected Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs in Spain (2020) · cites this paper as [48]
Cites
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions.
Everitt, B. S., & Fleiss, J. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530193 · Cited by 9,034 · see citing works
Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control
(1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-117-2-174_4 · Cited by 7,818 · see citing works
Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control
Anderson, R. M., & May, R. M. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198545996.001.0001 · Cited by 6,179 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 2nd ed
GROVE, W. A. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1644-a · Cited by 3,756 · see citing works
Collett, D. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4475-7 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
(2006) · Technical Report Series 936 · doi:10.2471/trs.02.935 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Moore, L. M., Aitkin, M. A., Anderson, D. A., Francis, B. J., & Hinde, J. (1991) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269016 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Infectivity of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum to colonized Phlebotomus perniciosus
Molina, R., Amela, C., Nieto, J., Andrés, M. I. S., González, F., Castillo, J. A., Lucientes, J., & Alvar, J. (1994) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(94)90446-4 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Immunisation and herd immunity
Anderson, R. M., & May, R. M. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90420-a · Cited by 328 · see citing works
The estimation of age-related rates of infection from case notifications and serological data
Grenfell, B. T., & Anderson, R. M. (1985) · Journal of Hygiene · doi:10.1017/s0022172400062859 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Statistical Modelling in GLIM.
Coster, D. C., Aitken, M., Anderson, D. A., Francis, B. J., & Hinde, J. (1990) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.2307/2008820 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Canine Leishmaniasis: Pathological and Ecological Factors Influencing Transmission of Infection
Abranches, P., Silva-Pereira, M. C. D., Conceição-Silva, F. M., Santos-Gomes, G. M., & Janz, J. G. (1991) · Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.2307/3283159 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Pozio, E., Gradoni, L., & Bettini, S. (1981) · PubMed · doi:10.5169/seals-312840 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Ecological interactions in the transmission of the leishmaniases
Lainson, R. (1988) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1988.0099 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Ecology and epidemiology: Old World.
Ashford, R. W., Bettini, S., Peters, W., & Killick‐Kendrick, R. (1987) · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dye, C., Killick‐Kendrick, R., Vitutia, M. M., Walton, R. M., KILLICK‐KENDRICK, M., el Harith, A., Guy, M. W., Cañavate, M.-C., & Hasibeder, G. (1992) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182000073662 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Hasibeder, G., Dye, C., & Carpenter, J. R. (1992) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182000073674 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Canine leishmaniasis in the Gargano promontory (Apulia, South Italy)
Brandonisio, O., Carelli, G., Ceci, L., Consenti, B., Fasanella, A., & Puccini, V. (1992) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00144813 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Leishmaniasis epidemiology: the theory catches up
Dye, C. (1992) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182000075211 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Quantitative approaches to epidemiology.
Lysenko, A. J., Beljaev, A. E., Peters, W. G., & Killick‐Kendrick, R. (1987) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Preliminary serological study on canine leishmaniasis in the Alpes-Martimes Département, France
Jambou, D., Marty, P., Jambou, R., Fichoux, Y. L., Haas, P., Jourdain, N., & Bayada, M. (1986) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(86)90171-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Villalbi, J. R., Costa, J., Ashton, J., & Cuervo, J. I. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Grandes, A. E., Gómez-Bautista, M., Novo, M. M., & Martin, F. S. (1988) · Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée · doi:10.1051/parasite/1988636387 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Segovia, M., & Martín-Luengo, F. (1985) · Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology · doi:10.1080/00034983.1985.11811928 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model
Moreno, J., & Alvar, J. (2002) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02347-4 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis
Quinnell, R. J., & Courtenay, O. (2009) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182009991156 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Alvar, J., Cañavate, C., Molina, R., Moreno, J., & Nieto, J. (2004) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(04)57001-x · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Koutinas, A. F., Polizopoulou, Z. S., Saridomichelakis, M. N., Argyriadis, D., Fytianou, A., & Plevraki, K. (1999) · Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association · doi:10.5326/15473317-35-5-376 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Epidemiology of canine leishmaniosis in Catalonia (Spain)
Fisa, R., Gállego, M., Castillejo, S., Aisa, M. J., Serra, T., Riera, C., Carrió, J., Gállego, J., & Portús, M. (1999) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00074-6 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Solano‐Gallego, L., Riera, C., Roura, X., Iniesta, L., Gállego, M., Valladares, J. E., Fisa, R., Castillejo, S., Alberola, J., Ferrer, L., et al. (2001) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00446-5 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Risk factors for canine leishmaniasis in an endemic Mediterranean region
Cortes, S., Vaz, Y., Neves, R., Maia, C., Cardoso, L., & Campino, L. (2012) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.028 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Trotz‐William, L. A., & Trees, A. J. (2003) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.152.4.97 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Leontides, L., Saridomichelakis, M. N., Billinis, C., Kontos, V., Koutinas, A. F., Galatos, A. D., & Mylonakis, M. E. (2002) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00201-7 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Gálvez, R., Descalzo, M. Á., Miró, G., Jiménez, M., Martín, O., Santos-Brandao, F. D., Guerrero, I., Cubero, E., & Molina, R. (2010) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.02.009 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Seroepidemiological survey on canine leishmaniasis among dogs from an urban area of Brazil
Dantas‐Torres, F., de Brito, M. E. F., & Brandão-Filho, S. P. (2006) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.008 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Emerging trends in the seroprevalence of canine leishmaniosis in the Madrid region (central Spain)
Gálvez, R., Miró, G., Descalzo, M. A., Nieto, J., Dado, D., Martín, O., Cubero, E., & Molina, R. (2010) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.025 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Advances in the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis: epidemiologic and diagnostic implications
Saridomichelakis, M. N. (2009) · Veterinary Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00823.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gálvez, R., Montoya, A., Cruz, I., Fernández, C., Martín, O., Checa, R., Chicharro, C., Migueláñez, S., Marino, V., & Miró, G. (2020) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04081-7 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Characterization of sex, age, and breed for a population of canine leishmaniosis diseased dogs
Miranda, S., Roura, X., Picado, A., Ferrer, L., & Ramis, A. J. (2007) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.09.003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Requena, J. M., Soto, M., Doria, M. D., & Alonso, C. (2000) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00221-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Moreira, E. D., de Souza, V. M. M., Sreenivasan, M., Lopes, N. L., da Silva, R. B. B., & de Carvalho, L. C. P. (2003) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.393 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gálvez, R., Descalzo, M. Á., Guerrero, I., Miró, G., & Molina, R. (2011) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0109 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Current situation of Leishmania infantum infection in shelter dogs in northern Spain
Miró, G., Checa, R., Montoya, A., Hernández, L., Dado, D., & Gálvez, R. (2012) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-60 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A seroepidemiologic survey of canine visceral leishmaniosis among apparently healthy dogs in Croatia
Živičnjak, T., Martinković, F., Marinculić, A., Mrljak, V., Kučer, N., Matijatko, V., Mihaljević, Ž., & Barić-Rafaj, R. (2005) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.036 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Serologic and Molecular Evaluation of Leishmania infantum in Cats from Central Spain
Ayllón, T., Tesouro, M. A., Amusategui, I., Villaescusa, A., Rodríguez‐Franco, F., & Sainz, Á. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1428.019 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Current Distribution of Selected Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs in Spain
Montoya-Alonso, J. A., Morchón, R., Costa-Rodríguez, N., Matos, J. I., Falcón-Cordón, Y., & Carretón, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.564429 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study of canine leishmaniasis in Greek mainland
Athanasiou, L. V., Kontos, V. I., Saridomichelakis, M. N., Rallis, T. S., & Diakou, Α. (2012) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.02.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Miró, G., Montoya, A., Mateo, M., Alonso, A., García, S., García, A., Caballero, M. J., & Molina, R. (2007) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0497-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Muccio, T. D., Veronesi, F., Antognoni, M. T., Onofri, A., Fioretti, D. P., & GRAMICCIA, M. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00558-12 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Canine leishmaniasis due toLeishmania infantumMON-1 in northern Morocco
Nejjar, R., Lemrani, M., Malki, A., Ibrahimy, S., Amarouch, H., & Benslimane, A. (1998) · Parasite · doi:10.1051/parasite/1998054325 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Xenodiagnosis to address key questions in visceral leishmaniasis control and elimination
Singh, O. P., Hasker, E. C., Boelaert, M., Sacks, D. L., & Sundar, S. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008363 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF CANINE AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN HUANUCO, PERU
Reithinger, R., Espinoza, J. C., & Davies, C. R. (2003) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.473 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Faucher, B., Gaudart, J., Faraut, F., Pomares-Estran, C., Mary, C., Marty, P., & Piarroux, R. (2012) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001765 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
[Review of the current situation and the risk factors of Leishmania infantum in Spain].
Rodríguez, B. S., Fernández, B. I., Sanz, S. S., Moros, M. J. S., Moreno, R. M., Mochales, J. A., & Heras, C. A. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.4321/s1135-57272012000600002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Faucher, B., Piarroux, R., Mary, C., Bichaud, L., Charrel, R. N., Izri, A., & de Lamballerie, X. N. (2013) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12404 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Incidences of Canine Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area of Southern Italy
Paradies, P., Capelli, G., Cafarchia, C., Caprariis, D. D., Sasanelli, M., & Otranto, D. (2006) · Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00964.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Alonso, F., Font, P. G., Manchón, M., de Ybáñez, R. R., Segovia, M., & Berriatua, E. (2009) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01228.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Adel, A., Saegerman, C., Speybroeck, N., Praet, N., Victor, B., Deken, R. D., Soukehal, A., & Berkvens, D. L. (2010) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.009 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mannelli, A., Martello, E., Tomassone, L., Calzolari, M., Casalone, C., Meneghi, D. D., Dottori, M., Estrada‐Peña, A., Fabbi, M., Ferreri, L., et al. (2012) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-234 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Canine Reservoirs and Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology and Disease
Campino, L. (2002) · World class parasites · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0955-4_4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Welfare, E. P. O. A. H. A., More, S. J., Bicout, D., Bøtner, A. G., Butterworth, A., Calistri, P., de Koeijer, A., Depner, K., Edwards, S. A., Garin‐Bastuji, B., et al. (2017) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4793 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Idiotype expression of IgG1 and IgG2 in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum
Iniesta, L., Gállego, M., & Portús, M. (2007) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.05.006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Checa, R., Sánchez‐Vizcaíno, F., Miró, G., Pinchbeck, G. L., Jones, H., Noble, P. M., & Radford, A. D. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110350 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nejjar, R., Lemrani, M., Boucedda, L., Amarouch, H., & Benslimane, A. (2000) · Revue Méd Vét · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Velez, R., Domenech, E., Cairó, J., & Gállego, M. (2019) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105259 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis by cross-sectional study in the French focus of Cévennes
Keck, N., & Dereure, J. (2003) · Revue Méd Vét · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Canine Leishmaniasis in Morocco: A Descriptive Prospective Clinical Study
Idrissi, H., Hakkour, M., Duchateau, L., Zanatta, R., Kachani, M., Azrib, R., Daminet, S., Kichou, F., Asatey, S. E., Tazi, N., et al. (2021) · Veterinary Medicine International · doi:10.1155/2021/6304127 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Molina, C. C., Dias, M. J., Domingues, T. D., Englar, R. E., & Leal, R. O. (2023) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102041 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Weese, J. S., Peregrine, A. S., Anderson, M., & Fulford, M. B. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470958957.ch1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mattin, M., Brodbelt, D. C., Wylie, C. E., Carbonell-Antoñanzas, M., Solano‐Gallego, L., Espejo, L. A., Costard, S., & Zagmutt, F. J. (2014) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2014.en-466 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
González, L. I. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kerkoub, H., Saidani, K., Righi, S., Djemai, S., Messahel, N. E., & Zeroual, F. (2024) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102275
Son, K.-Y., Park, G.-G., & Song, J. (2025) · Journal of Veterinary Science · doi:10.4142/jvs.24296
- Authors
- Amela, C., Mendez, I., Torcal, J. M., Medina, G., Pachón, I., Cañavate, C., & Alvar, J.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Comunidad de Madrid (ES)
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología (ES)
- ORCID
- Alvar, J.
- Venue
- European Journal of Epidemiology
- Published
- 1995-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-161
- ISSN
- 0393-2990 (ISSN-L)
- 0392-2990
- 1573-7284
- OpenAlex
- W2040643583
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Brucella: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Leprosy Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- canine leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum, dogs, seroprevalence, force of infection, pet dogs, working dogs, age-specific prevalence, basic reproduction number, Comunidad de Madrid, zoonoses
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Animals, Domestic, Antibodies, Protozoan, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disease Susceptibility, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Leishmaniasis, Male, Risk Factors, Spain, Incidence, Prevalence, Confidence Intervals, Seroepidemiologic Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
