Factor Analysis and AIC

Cited by (1,061)

Items 901–1,000 of 1,061

1. Examining First- and Second-Order Factor Structures for News Credibility
   Robert N. Yale, Jakob D. Jensen, Nick Carcioppolo, Ye Sun, Miao Liu · 2015 · Communication Methods and Measures
2. Motivational Profiles Among Young Table-Tennis Players in Intensive Training Settings: A Latent Profile Transition Analysis
   Guillaume Martinent, Jean‐Claude Decret · 2014 · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
3. Education, Mental Health, and Education–Labor Market Misfit
   Piet Bracke, Vera van de Straat, Sarah Missinne · 2014 · Journal of Health and Social Behavior
4. Why do Measures of Normal and Disordered Personality Correlate? A Study of Genetic Comorbidity
   Kerry L. Jang, W. John Livesley · 1999 · Journal of Personality Disorders
5. Peer Victimization Partially Mediates the Schizotypy-Aggression Relationship in Children and Adolescents
   Adrian Raine, Annis Lai Chu Fung, Bess Yin‐Hung Lam · 2011 · Schizophrenia Bulletin
6. Evidence for a genetic etiology to ejaculatory dysfunction
   Patrick Jern, Pekka Olavi Santtila, Ada Johansson, Markus Varjonen, Katarina Witting, Bettina von der Pahlen, N. Kenneth Sandnabba · 2008 · International Journal of Impotence Research
7. A predictive model for risk of early grade ≥ 3 infection in patients with multiple myeloma not eligible for transplant: analysis of the FIRST trial
   Charles Dumontet, Cyrille Hulin, Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos, Andrew R. Belch, Angela A. Dispenzieri, Heinz Ludwig, Philippe Rodon, Jan Van Droogenbroeck, Lugui Qiu, Michèle Cavo et al. · 2018 · Leukemia
8. A twin-family study of self-report symptoms of panic-phobia and somatization
   Kenneth S. Kendler, Ellen E. Walters, Kim R. Truett, Andrew C. Heath, Michael Churton Neale, Nicholas G. Martin, Lindon J. Eaves · 1995 · Behavior Genetics
9. Climate change awareness of the young generation and its impact on their diet
   Kristin Jürkenbeck, Achim Spiller, Maureen Schulze · 2021 · Cleaner and Responsible Consumption
10. Evidence for Genetic Influences on Human Energy Intake: Results from a Twin Study Using Measured Observations
    Myles S. Faith, Sharon S. Rha, Michael Churton Neale, David B. Allison · 1999 · Behavior Genetics
11. Why Do High School Seniors Drink? Implications for a Targeted Approach to Intervention
    Donna L. Coffman, Megan E. Patrick, Lori‐Ann Palen, Brittany L. Rhoades, Alison K. Ventura · 2007 · Prevention Science
12. A Transactional Model of Parental Involvement and Children's Achievement from Early Childhood through Adolescence
    Susan R. Sy, Allen W. Gottfried, Adele Eskeles Gottfried · 2013 · Parenting
13. Determining drag coefficients and their application in modelling of turbulent flow with submerged vegetation
    Hongwu Tang, Zhijun Tian, Jing Guang Yan, Saiyu Yuan · 2014 · Advances in Water Resources
14. Factor Analysis with (mixed) Observed and Latent Variables in the Exponential Family
    Michel Wedel, Wagner A. Kamakura · 2001 · Psychometrika
15. Childhood temperament: Passive gene–environment correlation, gene–environment interaction, and the hidden importance of the family environment
    Kathryn Lemery‐Chalfant, Karen Kao, Gregory Swann, H. Hill Goldsmith · 2013 · Development and Psychopathology
16. Examining the generalizability of problem-solving appraisal in Black South Africans.
    P. Paul Heppner, Tyrone Brian Pretorius, Meifen Wei, Dong‐gwi Lee, Yuwei Wang · 2002 · Journal of Counseling Psychology
17. Anorexia Nervosa, Major Depression, and Suicide Attempts: Shared Genetic Factors
    Laura Marie Thornton, Elisabeth Welch, Melissa A. Munn‐Chernoff, Paul Lichtenstein, Cynthia Marie Bulik · 2016 · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
18. Neuropsychological correlates of schizotypy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies
    Sara Siddi, Донателла Рита Петретто, Antonio Preti · 2017 · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
19. Genes, time to first cigarette and nicotine dependence in a general population sample of young adults
    Brett C. Haberstick, David S. Timberlake, Marissa A. Ehringer, Jeffrey M. Lessem, Christian Jean Hopfer, Andrew Smolen, John K. Hewitt · 2007 · Addiction
20. Testing the validity of the proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD criteria using a sample from Northern Uganda
    Murphy, Siobhan, Elklit, Ask, Dokkedahl, Sarah, Shevlin, Mark · 2016 · European Journal of Psychotraumatology
21. Investigating the ZKPQ-III-R: Psychometric Properties, Relations to the Five-Factor Model, and Genetic and Environmental Influences on its Scales and Facets
    Alois Angleitner, Rainer Riemann, Frank M. Spinath · 2004 · Elsevier eBooks
22. Flowers attract weaver ants that deter less effective pollinators
    Francisco G. Gonzálvez, Luis Santamarı́a, Richard Thomas Corlett, Miguel Angel Rodríguez-Gironés · 2012 · Journal of Ecology
23. Fire frequency affects fire behavior in open savannas of the Cerrado
    Cassy Anne Rodrigues, Heloiza L. Zirondi, Alessandra Fidélis · 2020 · Forest Ecology and Management
24. Activation impairment alters muscle torque–velocity in the knee extensors of persons with post-stroke hemiparesis
    David J. Clark, Elizabeth G. Condliffe, Carolynn Patten · 2006 · Clinical Neurophysiology
25. Genetic and environmental influences on urinary incontinence: a Danish population-based twin study of middle-aged and elderly women
    Gitte Rohr, Jakob Kragstrup, David Gaist, Kaare Christensen · 2004 · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica
26. Early identification and heritability of mild cognitive impairment
    William S. Kremen, Amy J. Jak, Matthew S. Panizzon, Kelly M. Spoon, Carol E. Franz, Wesley K. Thompson, Kristen C. Jacobson, Terrie Vasilopoulos, Eero Vuoksimaa, Hong Xian et al. · 2013 · International Journal of Epidemiology
27. Shared and Unique Environmental Factors Determine The Ecology of Methanogens in Humans and Rats
    Timothy H. Florin, Gu Zhu, Katherine M. Kirk, Nicholas G. Martin · 2000 · The American Journal of Gastroenterology
28. Estimation of computer waste quantities using forecasting techniques
    Nikolaos E. Petridis, Emmanouil Stiakakis, Konstantinos Petridis, Prasanta Kumar Dey · 2015 · Journal of Cleaner Production
29. Does Everyone’s Motivational Beliefs about Physical Science Decline in Secondary School?: Heterogeneity of Adolescents’ Achievement Motivation Trajectories in Physics and Chemistry
    Ming‐Te Wang, Angela Chow, Jessica Lauren Degol, Jacquelynne S. Eccles · 2016 · Journal of Youth and Adolescence
30. Effect of Gratitude on Benign and Malicious Envy: The Mediating Role of Social Support
    Yanhui Xiang, Xiaomei Chao, Yanyan Ye · 2018 · Frontiers in Psychiatry
31. Fatigue symptoms in relation to neuroticism, anxiety-depression, and musculoskeletal pain. A longitudinal twin study
    Olav Mandt Vassend, Espen Røysamb, Christopher Sivert Nielsen, Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski · 2018 · PLoS ONE
32. A self-consistency motivation analysis of employee reactions to job insecurity: The roles of organization-based self-esteem and proactive personality
    Lin Xiao, Zhen Xiong Chen, Susan J. Ashford, Cynthia Lee, Jing Qian · 2018 · Journal of Business Research
33. A person-centered, latent profile analysis of psychological capital
    Dave Bouckenooghe, Dirk De Clercq, Usman Raja · 2018 · Australian Journal of Management
34. Stepwise Variable Selection in Factor Analysis
    Yutaka Kano, Akira Harada · 2000 · Psychometrika
35. Quality guidance and quality formation
    Carsten Stig Poulsen, Hans Jørn Juhl, Kai Kristensen, Anne C. Bech, Erling Engelund · 1996 · Food Quality and Preference
36. Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) following captivity: a 24-year longitudinal study
    Zerach, Gadi, Shevlin, Mark, Cloitre, Marylene, Solomon, Zahava · 2019 · European Journal of Psychotraumatology
37. Development and initial validation of the activity patterns scale in patients with chronic pain
    Esteve, Rosa, Ramírez-Maestre, Carmen, Peters, Madelon L., Serrano-Ibáñez, Elena R., Ruíz-Párraga, Gema T., López-Martínez, Alicia E. · 2016 · The Journal of Pain
38. Exploring the effects of individual traits and within-colony variation on task differentiation and collective behavior in a desert social spider
    Carl N. Keiser, Devin K. Jones, Andreas P. Modlmeier, Jonathan N. Pruitt · 2014 · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
39. Nostalgia and Self-Enhancement
    Yu L. L. Luo, Yunzhi Liu, Huajian Cai, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides · 2016 · Social Psychological and Personality Science
40. Divorce and the Onset of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Swedish Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort and Co-Relative Study
    Kenneth S. Kendler, Sara Larsson Lönn, Jessica E. Salvatore, Jan Sundquist, Kristina Sundquist · 2017 · American Journal of Psychiatry
41. Test anxiety, anxiety disorders, and school-related wellbeing: Manifestations of the same or different constructs?
    David W. Putwain, Kristina Stockinger, Nathaniel P. von der Embse, Shannon M. Suldo, Martin H. Daumiller · 2021 · Journal of School Psychology
42. Genetic Etiology of the Common Liability to Drug Dependence: Evidence of Common and Specific Mechanisms for DSM-IV Dependence Symptoms
    R. Palmer, T. M. Button, S. Rhee, R. Corley, S. Young, M. Stallings, C. Hopfer, J. Hewitt · 2012 · Drug and Alcohol Dependence
43. Parent and Peer Links to Trajectories of Anxious Withdrawal From Grades 5 to 8
    Cathryn Booth‐LaForce, Wonjung Oh, Amy E. Kennedy, Kenneth H. Rubin, Linda Rose‐Krasnor, Brett Paul Laursen · 2012 · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
44. A twin-study of genetic contributions to morningness–eveningness and depression
    Rosemary Toomey, Matthew S. Panizzon, William S. Kremen, Carol E. Franz, Michael J. Lyons · 2014 · Chronobiology International
45. Predicting DUI recidivism: Personality, attitudinal, and behavioral risk factors
    Terry L. Schell, Kitty S. Chan, Andrew R. Morral · 2005 · Drug and Alcohol Dependence
46. A Two-Year Ecological Study of Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a Brazilian Urban Slum
    Jesús Alonso Panti–May, Ticiana S. A. Carvalho‐Pereira, Soledad Serrano, Gabriel Pedra, J. E. Taylor, Arsinoê Cristina Pertile, Amanda Minter, Vladimir Airam Querino, Mayara Carvalho, Nivison Nery Júnior et al. · 2016 · PLoS ONE
47. Homotypic and heterotypic psychopathological continuity: a child cohort study
    Mark E. Shevlin, Eoin McElroy, Jamie Murphy · 2017 · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
48. Using OpenStreetMap point-of-interest data to model urban change—A feasibility study
    Liming Zhang, Dieter Pfoser · 2019 · PLoS ONE
49. Assessing the application of latent class and latent profile analysis for evaluating the construct validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder: cautions and limitations
    Robin Achterhof, Rafaële J. C. Huntjens, Marie‐Louise Meewisse, Henk A. L. Kiers · 2019 · European Journal of Psychotraumatology
50. Anxiety sensitivity and obsessive–compulsive disorder
    Calamari, John E., Rector, Neil A., Woodard, John L., Cohen, Robyn J., Chik, Heather M. · 2008 · Assessment
51. Secondary succession and effects of clear-logging on diversity in the subtropical forests on Okinawa Island, southern Japan
    Yasuhiro Kubota, Kenji Katsuda, Kihachiro Kikuzawa · 2005 · Biodiversity and Conservation
52. When combat prevents PTSD symptoms—results from a survey with former child soldiers in Northern Uganda
    Roland Weierstall, Inga Schalinski, Anselm Crombach, Tobias Hecker, Thomas R. Elbert · 2012 · BMC Psychiatry
53. May the force be with you: Looking for resources that build team resilience
    María Vera, Alma Maria Rodríguez-Sánchez, Marisa Salanova · 2017 · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health
54. University students’ interest and burnout profiles and their relation to approaches to learning and achievement
    Henna Asikainen, Juuso Henrik Nieminen, Jokke Häsä, Nina Katajavuori · 2021 · Learning and Individual Differences
55. The Relationship Between Genetic Influences on Alcohol Dependence and on Patterns of Alcohol Consumption
    Kenneth S. Kendler, John Myers, Danielle M. Dick, Carol Arlene Prescott · 2010 · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
56. Snowmelt transport of neonicotinoid insecticides to Canadian Prairie wetlands
    Anson R. Main, Nicole L. Michel, Michael C. Cavallaro, John V. Headley, Kerry M. Peru, Christy A. Morrissey · 2015 · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
57. Studienwahlmotivation und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften als Prädiktoren für Zufriedenheit und Strategienutzung im Lehramtsstudium
    Josef Künsting, Frank Lipowsky · 2011 · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie
58. Predator-induced changes in the boldness of naïve field crickets, Gryllus integer, depends on behavioural type
    Petri Toivo Niemelä, Nicholas DiRienzo, Ann V. Hedrick · 2012 · Animal Behaviour
59. Genetic and environmental effects on stuttering: A twin study from Finland
    Pirkko Rautakoski, Therese Hannus, Susanna Simberg, N. Kenneth Sandnabba, Pekka Olavi Santtila · 2012 · Journal of Fluency Disorders
60. E-consumer adoption of innovative last-mile logistics services: A comparison of behavioural models
    Xueqin Wang, Kum Fai Yuen, Yiik Diew Wong, Chee‐Chong Teo · 2018 · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence
61. Bayesian Inference in Factor Analysis
    S. James Press, Kazuo Shigemasu · 1989 · Springer eBooks
62. Gender differences in the heritability of seasonal mood change
    Kerry L. Jang, Raymond Wing Moon Lam, W. John Livesley, Philip Anthony Vernon · 1997 · Psychiatry Research
63. Patterns of substance use across the first year of college and associated risk factors
    Cho, Seung Bin, Llaneza, Danielle C., Adkins, Amy E., Cooke, Megan, Kendler, Kenneth S., Clark, Shaunna L., Dick, Danielle M. · 2015 · Frontiers in Psychiatry
64. Resilience and Vulnerability in Adolescents: Genetic Influences on Differential Response to Risk for Delinquency
    Jamie Newsome, Christopher J. Sullivan · 2014 · Journal of Youth and Adolescence
65. Do motives matter? Examining the relationships between motives, SSCM practices and TBL performance
    Aleksandr M. Kitsis, Injazz J. Chen · 2019 · Supply Chain Management An International Journal
66. How and When to Use Which Fit Indices? A Practical and Critical Review of the Methodology
    Muhsin Murat Yaşlıoğlu, Duygu Toplu Yaşlıoğlu · 2020 · Istanbul Management Journal
67. Thermoelectric optimization of integrated energy system considering wind-photovoltaic uncertainty, two-stage power-to-gas and ladder-type carbon trading
    Jianwei Gao, Qichen Meng, Jiangtao Liu, Ziying Wang · 2023 · Renewable Energy
68. Confirmatory factor analyses of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in psychiatric samples differing in Criterion A status
    Kerry Zelazny, Leonard J. Simms · 2015 · Journal of Anxiety Disorders
69. Is non-family social capital also (or especially ) important for family firm performance?
    Valeriano Sanchez‐Famoso, Naveed Akhter, Txomin Iturralde, Francesco Chirico, Amaia Maseda · 2015 · Human Relations
70. Ground‐Motion Prediction Models for Arias Intensity and Cumulative Absolute Velocity for Japanese Earthquakes Considering Single‐Station Sigma and Within‐Event Spatial Correlation
    Roxane Foulser‐Piggott, Katsuichiro Goda · 2015 · Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
71. Symptom severity as a risk factor for self‐injurious behaviours in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders
    Cécile Rattaz, Cécile Michelon, Amaria Baghdadli · 2015 · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
72. Latent Profiles of Temperament and Their Relations to Psychopathology and Wellness
    David C. Rettew, Robert R. Althoff, Levent Dumenci, Lynsay A. Ayer, James J. Hudziak · 2008 · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
73. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside from traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum multiflorum following oral administration to rats
    Guiyuan Lv, Zhaohuan Lou, Suhong Chen, Hui Gu, Letian Shan · 2011 · Journal of Ethnopharmacology
74. Linking affective commitment to supervisor to work outcomes
    Aamir Ali Chughtai · 2013 · Journal of Managerial Psychology
75. Rural environments reduce the genetic influence on adolescent substance use and rule-breaking behavior
    Lisa N. Legrand, Margaret A. Keyes, Matt K. McGue, William G. Iacono, Robert Frank Krueger · 2007 · Psychological Medicine
76. Is the Sexual Murderer a Unique Type of Offender? A Typology of Violent Sexual Offenders Using Crime Scene Behaviors
    Jay Healey, Éric Beauregard, Anthony R. Beech, Shannon Vettor · 2014 · Sexual Abuse
77. Extensions to the Modeling of Initiation and Progression: Applications to Substance Use and Abuse
    Michael Churton Neale, Eric L. Harvey, HERMINE H. M. MAES, Patrick F. Sullivan, Kenneth S. Kendler · 2006 · Behavior Genetics
78. FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SUCCESS OF CHEATERS DURING FORAGING BOUTS MIGHT LIMIT THEIR SPREAD WITHIN COLONIES OF A SOCIALLY POLYMORPHIC SPIDER
    Jonathan N. Pruitt, Susan E. Riechert · 2009 · Evolution
79. Experimental investigation of granite properties under different temperatures and pressures and numerical analysis of damage effect in enhanced geothermal system
    Liangliang Guo, Yongbo Zhang, Yanjun Zhang, Ziwang Yu, Jianing Zhang · 2018 · Renewable Energy
80. Which governance structures drive economic, environmental, and social upgrading? A quantitative analysis in the assembly industries
    Ruggero Golini, Valentina De Marchi, Albachiara Boffelli, Matteo Giacomo Maria Kalchschmidt · 2018 · International Journal of Production Economics
81. HIV vulnerability among adolescent girls and young women: a multi-country latent class analysis approach
    Sanyukta Mathur, Nanlesta A. Pilgrim, Sangram Kishor Patel, Jerry Okoth Okal, Victor Mwapasa, Effie Kondwani Chipeta, Maurice Musheke, Bidhubhusan Mahapatra, Julie Pulerwitz · 2020 · International Journal of Public Health
82. The thrill of being violent as an antidote to posttraumatic stress disorder in Rwandese genocide perpetrators
    Roland Weierstall, Susanne Schaal, Inga Schalinski, Jean‐Pierre Dusingizemungu, Thomas R. Elbert · 2011 · European Journal of Psychotraumatology
83. Teachers’ Use of High- and Low-Support Scaffolding Strategies to Differentiate Language Instruction in High-Risk/Economically Disadvantaged Settings
    Jill M. Pentimonti, Laura Marie Justice, Gloria Yeomans‐Maldonado, Anita S. McGinty, Laura Slocum, Ann Aileen O'Connell · 2017 · Journal of Early Intervention
84. The Relationship between Face-to-Face and Online Patient-Provider Communication: Examining the Moderating Roles of Patient Trust and Patient Satisfaction
    Shaohai Jiang · 2019 · Health Communication
85. Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between peer alcohol use and own alcohol use in adolescents
    Tom Fowler, Katherine H. Shelton, Kate Lifford, Frances J. Rice, Andrew J. McBride, Ivan Nikolov, Michael Churton Neale, Gordon T. Harold, Anita Thapar, Marianne B. M. van den Bree · 2007 · Addiction
86. Currencies of exchange and global LMX: How they affect employee task performance and extra-role performance
    Kenneth S. Law, Hui Wang, Chun Hui · 2009 · Asia Pacific Journal of Management
87. The three latent classes of adolescent delinquency and the risk factors for membership in each class.
    Penelope A. Hasking, L. Scheier, A. Ben Abdallah · 2011 · Aggressive Behavior
88. Nature, nurture, and expertise
    Robert J. Plomin, Nicholas G. Shakeshaft, Andrew J. McMillan, Maciej Trzaskowski · 2013 · Intelligence
89. Conflicts and conflict management styles as precursors of workplace bullying: A two-wave longitudinal study
    Elfi Baillien, Katalien N.L. Bollen, Martin Euwema, Hans De Witte · 2013 · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology
90. Is the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) a reliable screening tool in early pregnancy?
    Julie Jomeen, Colin Robert Martin · 2004 · Psychology and Health
91. The motivational and informational basis of attitudes toward foods with health claims
    Iris Lav Žeželj, Jasna Milošević Đorđević, Žaklina Stojanović, Galjina Ognjanov · 2012 · Appetite
92. Does Product Platform Strategy Mediate the Effects of Supply Chain Integration on Performance? A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective
    Shawnee K. Vickery, Xenophon A. Koufteros, Cornelia Dröge · 2013 · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management
93. Exploring the Crowding–Satisfaction Relationship in Recreational Boating
    Yung-Ping Tseng, Gerard T. Kyle, C. Scott Shafer, Alan R. Graefe, Timothy A. Bradle, Michael A. Schuett · 2009 · Environmental Management
94. The influences of intrinsic motivation on execution of social behaviour within the theory of planned behaviour
    Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis, Martin S. Hagger, Brett M. Smith, Luke D. Sage · 2006 · European Journal of Social Psychology
95. Insulin Action, Regional Fat, and Myocyte Lipid: Altered Relationships with Increased Adiposity
    Seng Khee Gan, Adamandia D. Kriketos, Ann M. Poynten, Stuart M. Furler, Campbell Henry Thompson, Edward W. Kraegen, Lesley V. Campbell, Donald J. Chisholm · 2003 · Obesity Research
96. The complexity of trauma exposure and response: Profiling PTSD and CPTSD among a refugee sample.
    Frost, Rachel, Hyland, Philip, McCarthy, Angela, Halpin, Rory, Shevlin, Mark, Murphy, Jamie · 2019 · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
97. A systematic review of latent variable mixture modeling research in social work journals
    Killian, Michael O., Cimino, Andrea N., Weller, Bridget E., Hyun Seo, Chang · 2019 · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work
98. A Variable-Centered and Person-Centered Evaluation of Emotion Regulation and Distress Tolerance: Links to Emotional and Behavioral Concerns
    Van Eck, Kathryn, Warren, Pete, Flory, Kate · 2017 · Journal of Youth and Adolescence
99. Major depression and dimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: a population-based twin study
    Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Ørstavik, R. E., Neale, M. C., Torgersen, S., Kendler, K. S. · 2010 · Psychological Medicine
100. Coping profiles and their association with psychological functioning: A latent profile analysis of coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic
     Kavčič, Tina, Avsec, Andreja, Zager Kocjan, Gaja · 2022 · Personality and Individual Differences