Role of the Immune System in the Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer??s Disease
Abstract
The dysregulation in the metabolism of beta-amyloid precursor protein and consequent deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta) has been envisaged as crucial for the development of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid deposition begins 10-20 years before the appearance of clinical dementia. During this time, the brain is confronted with increasing amounts of toxic Abeta peptides and data from the last decade intriguingly suggest that both the innate and the adaptive immune systems may play an important role in the disorder. Innate immunity in the brain is mainly represented by microglial cells, which phagocytose and degrade Abeta. As the catabolism of Abeta decreases, glial cells become overstimulated and start to produce substances that are toxic to neurons, such as nitric oxide and inflammatory proteins. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can be directly toxic or stimulate Abeta production and increase its cytotoxicity. A therapeutic possibility arises from clinical studies, which demonstrate that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may delay the onset and slow the progression of AD. Recent data show that in addition to the suppression of inflammatory processes in the brain NSAIDs may decrease the production of Abeta peptides. The role of adaptive immunity lies mainly in the fact that Abeta can be recognised as an antigen. Immunisation with Abeta peptides and peripheral administration of Abeta-specific antibodies both decrease senile plaques and cognitive dysfunction in murine models of AD. A recent trial in humans seems still to be hampered by adverse effects. As adaptive immunity decreases with aging while innate immunity remains intact, immunotherapy for AD will have to be adapted to this situation. Strategies that combine vaccination and inflammatory drug treatment could be considered.
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The immune response exists throughout the pathological progress of AD, suggesting that it may also participate in and aggravate disease development.
“Furthermore, since the immune response exists throughout the pathological progress of AD [104, 105], suggesting that it may also participate in and aggravate the disease development.”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [105]
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“Furthermore, since the immune response exists throughout the pathological progress of AD [104, 105], suggesting that it may also participate in and aggravate the disease development.”
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- Authors
- Blasko, I., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B.
- Affiliations
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- ORCID
- Blasko, Imrich
- Venue
- Drugs & Aging
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 101-113
- ISSN
- 1170-229X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999271158
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drugs & Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, immune system, amyloid-beta, microglia, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, neuroinflammation, inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-amyloid antibodies, immunotherapy, neurodegeneration, amyloid plaques
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Antibodies, Brain, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunotherapy, Peptide Fragments, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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