Strong association of socioeconomic status with genetic ancestry in Latinos: Implications for admixture studies of type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in US American minority populations of African or Native American descent than it is in European Americans. However, the proportion of this epidemiological difference that can be ascribed to genetic or environmental factors is unknown. To determine whether genetic ancestry is correlated with diabetes risk in Latinos, we estimated the proportion of European ancestry in case-control samples from Mexico and Colombia in whom socioeconomic status had been carefully ascertained. Methods We genotyped 67 ancestry-informative markers in 499 participants with type 2 diabetes and 197 controls from Medellín (Colombia), as well as in 163 participants with type 2 diabetes and 72 controls from central Mexico. Each participant was assigned a socioeconomic status scale via various measures. Results Although European ancestry was associated with lower diabetes risk in Mexicans (OR [95% CI] 0.06 [0.02-0.21], p = 2.0 x 10(-5)) and Colombians (OR 0.26 [0.08-0.78], p = 0.02), adjustment for socioeconomic status eliminated the association in the Colombian sample (OR 0.64 [0.19-2.12], p = 0.46) and significantly attenuated it in the Mexican sample (OR 0.17 [0.04-0.71], p = 0.02). Adjustment for BMI did not change the results. Conclusions/interpretation The proportion of non-European ancestry is associated with both type 2 diabetes and lower socioeconomic status in admixed Latino populations from North and South America. We conclude that ancestry-directed search for genetic markers associated with type 2 diabetes in Latinos may benefit from information involving social factors, as these factors have a quantitatively important effect on type 2 diabetes risk relative to ancestry effects.
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Admixture studies generally find that admixture relates to the trait under investigation above and beyond covariates.
“These studies generally find that admixture relates to the trait under investigation above and beyond covariates.”
From Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results (page unavailable) report that ancestry remained associated with type 2 diabetes after adjustment for socioeconomic status in the Mexican sample, though the association was attenuated. The association was no longer significant in the Colombian sample. These findings do not establish the broader claim that admixture studies generally find associations beyond covariates. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“Second, genetic ancestry estimates may be strongly correlated with sociocultural and behavioral risk factors (Florez et al., 2009; Ziv et al., 2006).”
BackgroundTeruel, B., Llibre-Rodriguez, J., McKeigue, P., Teresa Collazo Mesa, T., Fuentes, E., Adolfo Valhuerdi Cepero, A., Hernández, M. A. G., Jrm, J. R. C., Ferri, C. P., & Prince, M. (2011) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-43 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“A proper understanding of the role of genetic admixture in determining disease risk may require measurement of, and control for each of these and other related socio-cultural factors, including socioeconomic position and acculturation [37,44].”
Breast cancer risk and genetic ancestry: a case–control study in Uruguay
Bonilla, C., Bertoni, B., Hidalgo, P., Artagaveytia, N., Ackermann, E., Barreto, I., Cancela, P., Cappetta, M., Egaña, A., Figueiro, G., et al. (2015) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0171-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“We have shown that in the Uruguayan population the genetic ancestral background is correlated with socioeconomic status and educational attainment, a feature shared with other Latin American populations [54,55], and which is likely to confound the association between ancestry and disease [56,57].”
BackgroundA comprehensive survey of models for dissecting local ancestry deconvolution in human genome
Geza, E., Mugo, J. W., Mulder, N., Wonkam, A., Chimusa, E. R., & Mazandu, G. K. (2018) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bby044 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Qi, L., Nassir, R., Kosoy, R., Garcia, L., Curb, J., Tinker, L., Howard, B., Robbins, J., & Seldin, M. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2486-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“[15] for Latinos in Mexico, but are different from their findings for Latinos in Colombia.”
BackgroundResultHu, H., Huff, C. D., Yamamura, Y., Wu, X., & Strom, S. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141260 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Beleza, S., Campos, J., Lopes, J., Araujo, I. I., Almada, A. H., Silva, A. C. E., Parra, E., & Rocha, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051103 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In other instances, reported associations of disease risk with genetic ancestry did not persist after taking socioeconomic variables into consideration, suggesting that ethnic health disparities can be better explained by sociocultural rather than genetic factors [58,59].”
BackgroundTahir, A., Martinez, P. J., Ahmad, F., Fisher‐Hoch, S. P., McCormick, J. B., Gay, J. L., Mirza, S., & Chaudhary, S. U. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81730-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability
Lasker, J., Pesta, B. J., Fuerst, J. G. R., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010034 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Quet, F., Preux, P., Huerta, M., Ramírez, R., Abad, T., Fragoso, G., Morales, J., Sciutto, E., & Fleury, A. (2011) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000327496 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Influence of Genetic Ancestry on Human Serum Proteome.
Sjaarda, J., Gerstein, H., Kutalik, Z., Mohammadi-Shemirani, P., Pigeyre, M., Hess, S., & Paré, G. (2020) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.01.016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Piccolo, R., Pearce, N., Araujo, A., & Mckinlay, J. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.06.098 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Because of the conflicting findings regarding BGA to date, the finding that SES explains a large proportion of this association agrees with some studies [29,30,32] but is in contrast with others [6,31,32].”
InfluentialGenetic ancestry is associated with colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas in Latino populations
Hernandez-Suarez, G., Sanabria, M., Serrano, M., Herrán, O., Pérez, J., Plata, J. L., Zabaleta, J., & Tenesa, A. (2014) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.310 · Cited by 27
Obesity, genomic ancestry, and socioeconomic variables in Latin American mestizos
Ruderman, A., Pérez, L. O., Adhikari, K., Navarro, P., Ramallo, V., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Bedoya, G., Bortolini, M., Acuña-Alonzo, V., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23278 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationSeverino, G., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M., Walters-Edwards, M., Nordvall, M., Chernykh, O., Adames, J., & Wong, A. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0087 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“%) has been reported in Hispanics compared to other ethnic groups (Fryar, Carroll, & Ogden, 2012), which in part are attributed to shared environmental risk factors including lower socio-economical status, diet composition and genetics (Florez et al., 2009; León-Mimila et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAdmixture and Clinical Phenotypic Variation
Goetz, L. H., Uribe-Bruce, L., Quarless, D. X., Libiger, O., & Schork, N. J. (2014) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000362233 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gómez-Rubio, P., Klimentidis, Y., Cantú-Soto, E., Meza-Montenegro, M., Billheimer, D., Lu, Z., Chen, Z., & Klimecki, W. (2012) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A · doi:10.1080/15287394.2011.615107 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Within admixed populations, differences in socioeconomic status have been reported to be associated with genetic admixture (Florez et al. 2009; Gower et al. 2003) and with phenotypic characteristics such as skin color (Parra et al. 2004).”
BackgroundPsychiatric genetics in the diverse landscape of Latin American populations
Bruxel, E. M., Rovaris, D. L., Belangero, S. I., Chavarría‐Soley, G., Barboza, A. B. C., Martínez‐Magaña, J. J., Nagamatsu, S. T., Nievergelt, C. M., Núñez-Ríos, D. L., Ota, V., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02127-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“While admixture mapping has been successfully applied to Latin American cohorts for various complex traits 132–134 , emerging approaches further improve the modeling of admixture in genomic analysis 135,136 .”
Liu, C.-T., Ng, M., Rybin, D., Adeyemo, A., Bielinski, S., Boerwinkle, E., Borecki, I., Cade, B., Chen, Y.-D.-I., Djoussé, L., et al. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2656-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationWide Disparity in Genetic Admixture Among Mexican Americans from San Antonio, TX
Beuten, J., Halder, I., Fowler, S. P., Göring, H. H. H., Duggirala, R., Arya, R., Thompson, I. M., Leach, R. J., & Lehman, D. M. (2011) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00655.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Indeed, a significant association between European admixture proportion and higher education status has been reported (Martinez-Marignac et al., 2007; Florez et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSocioeconomic Status and Lung Cancer: Unraveling the Contribution of Genetic Admixture
Aldrich, M., Selvin, S., Wrensch, M., Sison, J. D., Hansen, H., Quesenberry, C., Seldin, M., Barcellos, L., Buffler, P., & Wiencke, J. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301370 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
de Smith, A. J., Jiménez‐Morales, S., & Mejía‐Aranguré, J. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1299355 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lopera, E., Baena, A., Flórez, V., Montiel, J., Duque, C., Ramírez, T., Borrero, M., Córdoba, C. M., Rojas, F., Pareja, R., et al. (2014) · Infection, Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.014 · Cited by 21
“Even further, the distribution of ancestry was the same as that observed with different set of AIMS and follows that of ancestral composition of Colombia, which has been described in several studies (Bedoya et al., 2006; Florez et al., 2009; Rojas et al., 2010).”
ResultSelf-citationAn Ancestry Based Approach for Detecting Interactions
Park, D. S., Eskin, I., Kang, E., Gamazon, E., Eng, C., Gignoux, C., Galanter, J., Burchard, E., Ye, C. J., Aschard, H., et al. (2016) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1002/gepi.22087 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Meigs, J. B., Grant, R. W., Piccolo, R. S., López, L., Florez, J. C., Porneala, B., Marceau, L. D., & McKinlay, J. B. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3301-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Although social and behavioural factors clearly increase diabetes disease risk [8], diabetes prevention efforts in the US aimed at social and behavioural factors remain incompletely effective, so further work incorporating racial/ethnic diabetes disparities upstream of diabetes development is needed to address the roo…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Importance of Global Studies of the Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes
McCarthy, M. I. (2011) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.91 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Of course, these differences may turn out to be largely attributable to differences in environmental factors [35], but migration studies (for example the high prevalence of diabetes in migrant South Asian populations worldwide) may point to an important genetic contribution.”
BackgroundKlimentidis, Y. C., Divers, J., Casazza, K., Beasley, T. M., Allison, D. B., & Fernández, J. R. (2011) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/1479-7364-5-2-79 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kosoy, R., Qi, L., Nassir, R., Garcia, L., Allison, M. A., Shigeta, R., Robbins, J. A., & Seldin, M. (2012) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2011.52 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Compared with these studies of Hispanics [15, 16], our study is population based, has a much larger sample size, is restricted to postmenopausal women living in the USA and also uses a different measure of SES.”
InfluentialGamboa-Meléndez, M., Galindo-Gómez, C., Juárez-Martínez, L., Gómez, F., Díaz-Díaz, E., Ávila-Arcos, M., & Ávila-Curiel, A. (2015) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.07.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Valencia, D. M., Naranjo, C. A., Parra, M. V., Antonieta, M., Valencia, A., Jaramillo, C. J., & Bedoya, G. (2013) · Biomédica · doi:10.7705/biomedica.v33i4.1489 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of genetic ancestry with colorectal tumor location in Puerto Rican Latinos
Pérez-Mayoral, J., Soto-Salgado, M., Shah, E., Kittles, R., Stern, M., Olivera, M. I., González-Pons, M., Rodriguez-Quilichinni, S., Torres, M., Reyes, J. S., et al. (2019) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-019-0196-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“It has been shown that socioeconomic status correlates with genetic ancestry [43].”
Genetic Ancestry for Sleep Research
Prasad, B., Saxena, R., Goel, N., & Patel, S. R. (2018) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.03.024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationTandon, A., Chen, C., Penman, A., Hancock, H., James, M., Husain, D., Andreoli, C., Li, X.-H., Kuo, J., Idowu, O., et al. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-16674 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Socioeconomic status has been shown to confound the association between T2D itself and genetic ancestry in Latinos.42 TABLE 2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSierra, M. F. O., & Hernández, A. D. D. C. (2014) · Science as Culture · doi:10.1080/09505431.2013.838214 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Goonesekera, S., Fang, S. C., Piccolo, R., Florez, J., & Mckinlay, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122808 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The racial/ethnic differences in obesity and related diseases persist in specific populations even after adjusting for socio-economic variables [5–8] indicating that genetics may independently contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in obesity.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMario-Vásquez, J. E., Naranjo-González, C. A., Montiel, J., Zuluaga, L., Vásquez, A., Tobón-Castaño, A., Bedoya, G., & Segura, C. (2020) · Infection, Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104675 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAtkinson, E., Maihofer, A., Kanai, M., Martin, A. R., Karczewski, K., Santoro, M. L., Ulirsch, J., Kamatani, Y., Okada, Y., Finucane, H., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.100727 · Cited by 8
Risk of developing pre-diabetes or diabetes over time in a cohort of Mexican health workers
Flóres, Y. N., Toth, S., Crespi, C. M., Ramírez‐Palacios, P., McCarthy, W. J., Briseño-Pérez, A., Granados-García, V., & Salmerón, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229403 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Latinos have some of the highest rates of diabetes and obesity, which has been attributed to cultural, social and lifestyle differences, as well as genetic factors [52,53].”
BackgroundSpector, L., Dewan, A., Pankratz, N., Turcotte, L., Yang, J. J., & Scheurer, M. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwz075 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Santiago-Torres, M., Tapsoba, J. D. D., Kratz, M., Lampe, J., Breymeyer, K. L., Levy, L., Song, X.-L., Villasenor, A., Wang, C.-Y., Fejerman, L., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.211 · Cited by 8
“For example, in several studies among Hispanics evaluating the association between ancestry and disease risk, adjustments for SES significantly attenuated these associations (13, 27, 28), and in some cases the association become non-significant after adjustments for SES (29).”
Biogeographic Ancestry and Socioeconomic Outcomes in the Americas: A Meta-Analysis
Kirkegaard, E. O. W., Wang, M.-R., & Fuerst, J. (2016) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/055681 · Cited by 8
Fuzo, C., Ued, F. D. V., Moco, S., Cominetti, O., Métairon, S., Pruvost, S., Charpagne, A., Carayol, J., Torrieri, R., Silva, W. A., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91530-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Caputo, M., Amador, M., Sala, A., dos Santos, A. R., Santos, S., & Corach, D. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre · doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01755-w · Cited by 5
Ortega-Ayala, A., de la Cruz, C. G., Dorado, P., Rodrigues-Soares, F., Castillo-Nájera, F., LLerena, A., & Molina-Guarneros, J. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13051156 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lam, V., Sharma, S., Gupta, S., Spouge, J., Jordan, I., & Mariño-Ramírez, L. (2023) · BMC Global and Public Health · doi:10.1186/s44263-023-00025-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“T2D risk has also been shown to vary with genetic ancestry, with European ancestry being associated with lower odds of developing T2D and African and Native American ancestry being associated with greater odds of developing T2D [8–11].”
BackgroundSemotiuk, A., Hernández-Romano, E. F., Colunga-Garcíamarín, P., Salazar-Olivo, L., & Ezcurra, E. (2020) · Journal of Herbal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100354 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
FRANC: a unified framework for multi-way local ancestry deconvolution with high density SNP data
Geza, E., Mulder, N., Chimusa, E. R., & Mazandu, G. K. (2019) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbz117 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Population stratification bias: more widespread than previously thought.
Kraft, P. (2011) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3182137e03 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Self-reported race is a poor surrogate for the underlying causal variables— labels like African American or Latino encompass a broad range of genetic and social diversity.(9) Data from modern genome-wide genotyping platforms can provide fine-scale measurements of genetic ancestry,(10) but many candidate-gene studies w…”
Backgroundde Baca, T. C., Figueredo, A. J., Fernandes, H. B. F., & Smith‐Castro, V. (2020) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/pls.2020.4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“As described in Cabeza de Baca et al. (2014, p. 539), One component of traditional Latino culture (especially among Mexicans and Mexican Americans) that is purported to exist by scholars is the concept of machismo that emphasizes structured gender roles between men and women and a rigid power hierarchy where men domin…”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetic susceptibility for type 2 diabetes mellitus among North American Aboriginals
Byrne, C. D., & Nkongolo, K. K. C. (2012) · International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences · doi:10.5897/ijmms12.082
Cheng, C.-Y., Reich, D., Haiman, C. A., Tandon, A., Patterson, N., Elizabeth, S., Akylbekova, E. L., Brancati, F. L., Coresh, J., Boerwinkle, E., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/52e53d8e-a4bd-4419-951a-75ddcbaf6c5d · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association study of somatic GATA1s mutations in newborns with Down syndrome
Li, Y.-Q., Elliott, N., Lein, P., Vyas, P., Roberts, I., & de Smith, A. D. (2025) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2025016282 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Genetic ancestry, however, may also serve as a proxy for unmeasured environmental effects, 46,47 and it is possible that South Asian ancestry may correlate with in utero exposures that could in fl uence the development of GATA1s mutations.”
Clark, C. J., Wang, R., Wiemels, J. L., Metayer, C., Deziel, N., & Ma, X.-M. (2025) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-025-01159-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“SES may also vary by genetic ancestry, specifically within Latinx populations [89].”
Rey-Vargas, L., Bejarano-Rivera, L. M., & Serrano-Gómez, S. J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306037 · Cited by 2
“For example, a study conducted in Mexican and Colombian patients with type-2 diabetes reported a positive association between IA ancestry and lower socioeconomic stratums [43].”
ResultCraig, K. J., Zaleski, A. L., MacKenzie, S. M., Butler, B. L., Youngerman, R. A., McNutt, S. L., & Baquet-Simpson, A. M. (2023) · Applied Clinical Informatics · doi:10.1055/a-2297-4334 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For instance, prevalence of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 8,9 and hypertension is greater in Blacks and His-panics than Whites 10 ; moreover, Black and Hispanic populations with T2DM have poorer glycemic 11 and blood pressure control, 12 than non-Hispanic White…”
BackgroundMazandu, G., Kyomugisha, I., Geza, E., Seuneu, M., Bah, B., & Chimusa, E. (2019) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.5772/intechopen.84148 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
da Silva, T. M., Fiaccone, R., Kehdy, F., Tarazona-Santos, E., Rodrigues, L., Costa, G. N. O., Figueiredo, C., Alcântara-Neves, N., & Barreto, M. (2018) · SSM: Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.03.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…derived from groups that were dominated and enslaved by Europeans during the colonial period (Amerindians and Africans) was previously reported to other admixed populations (Campbell, Parra & Duque, 2012; Florez, Price & Campbell, 2009; Sanchez, Rasmussen & Riba, 2012; Via, Gignoux & Roth, 2011).”
BackgroundBerumen, J., Kuri-Morales, P., Torres, J. M., Barrera, E., Baca, P., Rivas, F., Ramírez-Tirado, L., González-Carballo, C., Zarza, A., Vecchyo-Tenorio, G. D., et al. (2026) · Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00305-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ortega-Ayala, A., de la Cruz, C. G., Mora, L., Bonilla, M., Tana, L., Rodrigues-Soares, F., Dorado, P., LLerena, A., & Terán, E. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18091335 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This knowledge is particularly valuable when translating clinical data from foreign populations to local contexts [88], as previous studies have reported associations between T2DM and non-European ancestry in Latino populations [89,90].”
Wang, L.-W., Gomez, S., & Yasui, Y. (2019) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwz076 · Cited by 1
Mito-nuclear effects uncovered in admixed populationsPreprint
Zaidi, A. A., & Makova, K. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/349126 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Misra, R., Choi, S.-M., Guerrero, J., & Lee, S. (2016) · The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.15758/jkak.2016.18.3.51 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“While several studies have shown a genetic predisposition of T2D among Mexican-Americans (Florez et al., 2009; Villarreal-Molina et al., 2008), others have suggested biological characteristics (e.g. genetic variation), socioeconomic status, and cultural aspects (e.g. community or family-based…”
BackgroundGenetic Ancestry and Colorectal Cancer in the All of Us Dataset
Chatzipanagiotou, O., Charalampous, C., Cordle, A., Elemosho, A., Alizai, Q., Mevawalla, A., Arena, L., Ejaz, R., & Pawlik, T. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.28789
Clark, C. J., Johnson, N., Wang, R., Stewart, E. C., Spector, L. G., Wiemels, J. L., Metayer, C., Deziel, N., & Ma, X.-M. (2026) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-025-01259-3
Lam, V., Sharma, S., Gupta, S., Spouge, J., Jordan, I., & Mariño-Ramírez, L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2976764/v1
Baquet-Simpson, A. M., Craig, K., MacKenzie, S. M., Miller, H. V., Yang, H. P., Foreman, R. P., Martinez, K. A., McNutt, S. L., Verbrugge, D., & Sharp, J. (2022) · Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2022.0174
Martínez-Magaña, J., González-Castro, T., Genis-Mendoza, A., Tovilla-Zárate, C., Juárez-Rojop, I., Saucedo-Uribe, E., Lanzagorta, N., Escamilla, M., Macias-Kauffer, L., & Nicolini, H. (2018) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0206.v1
“GWAS have identified multiple locus associated to psychiatric disorders.”
BackgroundInfluentialRacial and Ethnic Disparities in Type-2 Diabetes: A Multilevel Perspective
Piccolo, R. S. (2016) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · doi:10.17037/pubs.02537689
Lessons Learned from the Jackson Heart Study
Fox, E., Musani, S., Henderson, F. C., Correa, A., & Taylor, H. (2021) · Contemporary Cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81034-4_10
- Authors
- Florez, J. C., Price, A. L., Campbell, D., Riba, L., Parra, M. V., Yu, F., Duque, C., Saxena, R., Gallego, N., Tello-Ruiz, M., Franco, L., Rodríguez-Torres, M., Villegas, A., Bedoya, G., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Tusié-Luna, M. T., Ruiz-Linares, A., & Reich, D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (MX)
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Florez, J. C.
- Tusié-Luna, M. T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2009-06-13
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1528-1536
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- PMC
- PMC3113605
- OpenAlex
- W2118711846
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R21DK073818, DK073818)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS043538, R01NS043538)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, socioeconomic status, genetic ancestry, European ancestry, Latino population, admixture, ancestry informative markers, diabetes risk, Mexican Americans, social determinants of health
- MeSH terms
- Colombia, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Mexico, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, White People, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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