Cited by 377Diabetes Treatment and ManagementIon Transport and Channel RegulationMetabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Development of SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitors

Open access

Rieg, Timo, Vallon, Volker·2018·Diabetologia

DOI 10.1007/s00125-018-4654-7PMC PMC6124499

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Sodium-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 (encoded by SGLT1, also known as SLC5A1) and SGLT2 (encoded by SGLT2, also known as SLC5A2) are important mediators of epithelial glucose transport. While SGLT1 accounts for most of the dietary glucose uptake in the intestine, SGLT2 is responsible for the majority of glucose reuptake in the tubular system of the kidney, with SGLT1 reabsorbing the remainder of the filtered glucose. As a consequence, mutations in the SLC5A1 gene cause glucose/galactose malabsorption, whereas mutations in SLC5A2 are associated with glucosuria. Since the cloning of SGLT1 more than 30 years ago, big strides have been made in our understanding of these transporters and their suitability as drug targets. Phlorizin, a naturally occurring competitive inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2, provided the first insights into potential efficacy, but its use was hampered by intestinal side effects and a short half-life. Nevertheless, it was a starting point for the development of specific inhibitors of SGLT1 and SGLT2, as well as dual SGLT1/2 inhibitors. Since the approval of the first SGLT2 inhibitor in 2013 by the US Food and Drug Administration, SGLT2 inhibitors have become a new mainstay in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. They also have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system (including heart failure) and the kidney. This review focuses on the rationale for the development of individual SGLT2 and SGLT1 inhibitors, as well as dual SGLT1/2 inhibition, including, but not limited to, aspects of genetics, genetically modified mouse models, mathematical modelling and general considerations of drug discovery in the field of metabolism.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00125-018-4654-7

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J. M., Fitchett, D., Bluhmki, E., Hantel, S., Mattheus, M., Devins, T., Johansen, O. E., Woerle, H. J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1504720 · Cited by 12,315
Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes
Neal, B., Perkovic, V., Mahaffey, K. W., de Zeeuw, D., Fulcher, G., Erondu, N., Shaw, W., Law, G., Desai, M., & Matthews, D. R. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1611925 · Cited by 7,830
Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4·4 million participants
Zhou, B., Lu, Y., Hajifathalian, K., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Danaei, G., Bixby, H., Cowan, M., Ali, M., Taddei, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00618-8 · Cited by 4,311
The incretin system: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes
Drucker, D. J., & Nauck, M. A. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69705-5 · Cited by 3,896
Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes
Wanner, C., Inzucchi, S. E., Lachin, J. M., Fitchett, D., von Eynatten, M., Mattheus, M., Johansen, O. E., Woerle, H. J., Broedl, U. C., & Zinman, B. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1515920 · Cited by 3,655
Biology of Human Sodium Glucose Transporters
Wright, E. M., Loo, D. D. F., & Hirayama, B. A. (2011) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00055.2009 · Cited by 1,430
Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Complications
Ceriello, A. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.1.1 · Cited by 945
Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats.
Rossetti, L., Smith, D. J., Shulman, G. I., Papachristou, D. N., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112981 · Cited by 824
How does empagliflozin reduce cardiovascular mortality? Insights from a mediation analysis of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial
Inzucchi, S. E., Zinman, B., Fitchett, D., Wanner, C., Ferrannini, E., Schumacher, M., Schmoor, C., Ohneberg, K., Johansen, O. E., George, J. T., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-1096 · Cited by 740
Na+-d-glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 is Pivotal for Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Glucose-Dependent Incretin Secretion
Gorboulev, V., Schürmann, A., Vallon, V., Kipp, H., Jaschke, A., Klessen, D., Friedrich, A., Scherneck, S., Rieg, T., Cunard, R., et al. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1029 · Cited by 687
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 70 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 312

Understanding the Mechanisms and Treatment of Heart Failure: Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Models with a Focus on SGLT2 Inhibitors and Sex-Specific Differences
Ndiaye, J. F., Nekka, F., & Craig, M. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15031002 · Cited by 5
“Since the reabsorption of Na and glucose through the SGLT2 and SGLT1 occurs at a 1-to-1 molar ratio and at a 2-to-1 molar ratio, respectively, the rates of Na reabsorption in these transporters can be obtained from the rates of glucose reabsorption [89,98]:”
Background
Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: A comprehensive review from cells to bedside
Bagheri, B., Yaribeygi, H., Taherifard, E., Talasaz, A. H., Bagheri, H., Darban, M., Tabrizi, R., Najafi, S., Khodadost, M., & Akbari, M. (2022) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.12852 · Cited by 4
“Animal and human evidences demonstrated the glucose-lowering property of phlorizin as well as its beneficial effect on weight; however, due to its poor oral bioavailability and gastrointestinal adverse effects, new derivatives were developed with more selectivity for SGLT2 than for SGLT1.(6) Canagliflozin, dapaglifloz…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Other Glucose Transporter, SGLT1 – Also a Potential Trouble Maker in Diabetes?
Carlström, M. (2019) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2019020171 · Cited by 5
Sweet relief: exploring mechanisms and therapeutic approaches of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in cardiovascular-kidney metabolic syndrome
Hua, J., Wang, Q., Liu, Y., Luo, S., Shi, A., Yan, Z., Zhang, J., Gu, W., Zhu, L., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-026-03173-5 · Cited by 3
“Inhibition of SGLT-2 reduces the renal capacity for glucose reabsorption, constituting the fundamental mechanism underlying the therapeutic use of SGLT-2i in diabetes management [36].”
Computational Discovery of Novel SGLT2 Inhibitors from Eight Selected Medicine Food Homology Herbs Using a Multi-Stage Virtual Screening Pipeline
Chen, Z.-Y., Tan, K., Shi, Y., Liu, M., Yi, L., Chen, T., & Bai, Y. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19020246 · Cited by 3
“Phlorizin, a naturally occurring compound derived from the bark of apple tree roots, serves as a prototype for SGLT2 inhibitors (Figure 1B) [18].”
Pharmacological mechanisms and clinical applications between SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease: An analytic review
Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Gu, H. F., & Li, N. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118837 · Cited by 5
Managing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in clinical practice
Dalpiaz, H., Masi, S., Piludu, S., Agnoletti, D., Piani, F., Fiorini, G., & Borghi, C. (2025) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2024-324847 · Cited by 3
“Among healthy individuals, nearly 100% of the glucose filtered by the renal glomerulus is reabsorbed in the tubule, 23 with SGLT2 contributing to roughly 90% of this reabsorption.”
Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, dapagliflozin and canagliflozin, on the musculoskeletal system in an experimental model of diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin in rats.
Londzin, P., Zych, M., Janas, A., Siudak, S., & Folwarczna, J. (2025) · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117912 · Cited by 3
SGLT2 inhibitors: Exploring the effects in humans and horses
Sundra, T., Matthews, V. B., Harris, P. A., & Rendle, D. I. (2024) · Equine Veterinary Education · doi:10.1111/eve.14071 · Cited by 3
Identification of phytoconstituents from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. as dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors guided by molecular docking
Pakyntein, C. L., Thabah, D., Rai, A. K., & Syiem, D. (2024) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2024.100590 · Cited by 3
Cardiac and renal effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
Karagkounis, D. L. (2023) · Drug and therapeutics bulletin · doi:10.1136/dtb.2022.000057 · Cited by 3
Expanding the Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors Beyond Diabetes: A Case-Based Approach
Wong, E., & Nguyen, T. V. (2023) · The Senior Care Pharmacist · doi:10.4140/tcp.n.2023.233 · Cited by 3
Has the time come to step up to “triple therapy” for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease?
Patoulias, D., Popovic, D. S., Fragakis, N., & Rizzo, M. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110726 · Cited by 4
Anti‐inflammatory effects of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors in COVID‐19
Yaribeygi, H., Maleki, M., Atkin, S. L., Kesharwani, P., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2023) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.2719 · Cited by 4
“In addition to their hypoglycemic effects, they may prevent gluconeogenesis, improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, enhance the glucagon response and induce insulin secretion from islet beta cells.(46,47) Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin are drugs within this class of antidiabetics.”
Background
Development and Current Role of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter Inhibition in Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome
Clements, J. N. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000001248 · Cited by 3
A novel heterozygous mutation in the SLC5A2 gene causing severe glycosuria, mild failure to thrive, and subclinical hypoglycemia
Papadimitriou, D., Manolakos, E., Dermitzaki, E., Filiousi, F., Papoulidis, I., Zoupanos, G., Provenzano, A., & Mastorakos, G. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13183 · Cited by 3
“Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is responsible for the majority of glucose reuptake in the kidney's proximal tubule.(1) Familial renal glycosuria is an inherited disorder resulting in glucose excretion in the urine despite normal blood glucose concentrations, and it is most commonly due to mutations in the SLC5…”
Background
Sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) inhibitor restores lost axonal varicosities of the myenteric plexus in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity
Shimo, S., Saitoh, S., Nguyen, H. B., Thai, T. Q., Ikutomo, M., Muramatsu, K., & Ohno, N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69256-9 · Cited by 4
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing the Safety of Dapagliflozin in Type 1 Diabetes Patients
Saha, S., & Saha, S. (2020) · علوم بهداشتی ایران · doi:10.18502/jhs.v8i2.4028 · Cited by 3
“Compared to other phlorizin compounds, dapagliflozin is highly selective to SGLT2 protein and more stable due to its prolonged half-life in the body (3,5,10,11).”
Background
The bark giving diabetes therapy some bite: the SGLT inhibitors
Marshall, S. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4673-4 · Cited by 3
Oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation in type 2 diabetes: Therapeutic potential of Carica papaya
Nxumalo, M. B., Kumalo, H. M., Maruma, L. N., Tata, F. Y., Ntanzi, N., & Khan, R. B. (2026) · Health Sciences Review · doi:10.1016/j.hsr.2026.100274 · Cited by 1
In silico assessment of benzyl C-analogues of dapagliflozin as potential SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes.
Misungwi, M. F., Deogratias, G., Kwiyukwa, L. P., Mlowe, S., Paluch, A. S., & Paul, L. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2026.109321 · Cited by 2
Novel antidiabetic agents and the risk of respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials
Yu, Z., Gu, B., Zhang, J., Jin, W., Wan, H., & Jin, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1721311 · Cited by 3
Sex Differences in Antiarrhythmic Effects of Empagliflozin
Nakano, M., Kondo, Y., Fujiki, S., Shiko, Y., Kawasaki, Y., Nakagawa, Y., Takahashi, K., Okabe, M., KUSANO, K. F., Owada, S., et al. (2026) · JACC Asia · doi:10.1016/j.jacasi.2025.11.017 · Cited by 1
Serious adverse events reported with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in the FAERS database (2013-2024): a pharmacovigilance study.
Ahsan, M. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04841-1 · Cited by 2
Botanical Antinutrients as Natural Modulators of Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia: A Narrative Review
Borah, A. K., Nag, S., Chetri, M., Talukdar, A., Singh, C. S., Chutia, H., Subramaniyan, V., & Das, A. K. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70076 · Cited by 3
Empagliflozin and Right-Sided Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Evidence and Clinical Perspectives
Chaudhary, R. K., Ali, O., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., & Rab, S. M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.84064 · Cited by 2
NA_mCNN: Classification of Sodium Transporters in Membrane Proteins by Integrating Multi-Window Deep Learning and ProtTrans for Their Therapeutic Potential
Malik, M.-S., Le, V.-T., & Ou, Y.-Y. (2025) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00884 · Cited by 2
Familial renal glycosuria identified in an Indian family
Sivaji, V., Raju, P., Marimuthu, S., & Sundar, S. (2024) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2023-258408 · Cited by 2
Integrative transcriptomics and electrophysiological profiling of hiPSC-derived neurons identifies novel druggable pathways in Koolen-de Vries Syndrome
Verboven, A. H. A., Puvogel, S., Latour, B. L., Kolsters, N., Lewerissa, E., Mijdam, R., Dyke, E., Duineveld, D. J., Zoodsma, M., Claassen, W. J. J., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03482-x · Cited by 3
“…promotes neuronal projection-related transcriptional changes that increase synaptic density and enhance network activity in KdVS neurons and may further support network recovery by reducing oxidative stress, potentially via partial restoration of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism.”
Benefit or Risk in Patient with Type 1 Diabetes Based on Appropriated Dosage of Dapagliflozin: A Case Report
Tian, Y., Hu, W., Yan, Q., & Feng, B. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050827 · Cited by 2
“Dapagliflozin, as a SGLT2 inhibitor, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a new class of glucose-lowering agents for the treatment of T2DM, either as monotherapy or as an add-on treatment [4].”
Background
In search of mechanisms to explain the unquestionable benefit derived from sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors use in heart failure patients
López‐Candales, A., Sawalha, K., Drees, B. M., & Norgard, N. B. (2023) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2023.2181537 · Cited by 4
Glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1: A novel potential protein target of dapagliflozin against renal interstitial fibrosis.
Liu, Y., Wang, Y.-Z., Chen, S.-J., Bai, L., Li, F.-Q., Wu, Y., Zhang, L., & Wang, X.-X. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175556 · Cited by 2
The Renal Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors
Sawaf, H., Qaz, M., Ismail, J., & Mehdi, A. (2022) · EMJ Nephrology · doi:10.33590/emjnephrol/22-00080 · Cited by 2
Pilot study in pharmacogenomic management of empagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Jamalizadeh, M., Hasanzad, M., Sarhangi, N., Sharifi, F., Nasli‐Esfahani, E., & Larijani, B. A. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-021-00874-4 · Cited by 2
The role of SGLT2 inhibitors beyond glucose-lowering to cardio-renal protection
Karalliedde, J. (2021) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4323 · Cited by 2
SODIUM-GLUCOSE LINKED COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITOR: A NEW HORIZON IN THE TREATMENT OF TYPE-2 DIABETES
Bisht, R. (2021) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research · doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i3.39667 · Cited by 2
“SGLT2-is, the newest class of oral antidiabetic agents, represent a therapeutic approach for treating T2DM that is independent of insulin secretion and activity.”
BackgroundInfluential
Antidiabetic Effects of a Tripeptide That Decreases Abundance of Na+- d -glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 in the Brush-Border Membrane of the Small Intestine
Otto, C., Friedrich, A., Vrhovac, I., Baumeier, C., Schwenk, R. W., Karaica, D., Germer, C.-T., Schürmann, A., Sabolić, I., & Koepsell, H. (2020) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c03844 · Cited by 3
SGLT2 inhibitors: diabetic kidney disease and beyond
Staruschenko, A., Bhalla, V., & Rangaswami, J. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00518.2020 · Cited by 2
“To what degree do the reduction of hyperglycemia, weight loss, and reduction of volume overload account for the clinical benefits (4)? Are the protective effects in the kidney responsible for the reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events? What is the contribution of the reduction in glomerular hyperfiltration v…”
Background
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: Mechanisms of Action and Various Effects
Kim, K. (2019) · Journal of Korean Diabetes · doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.2.74 · Cited by 3
Empagliflozin as an adjunctive therapy for type 1 diabetes
MacIsaac, R. J., Lee, M. H., McAuley, S. A., Ward, G. M., & O'Neal, D. N. (2018) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2018.12.52 · Cited by 4
“A type 1 SGLT (SGLT1) is also found in the intestine and its inhibition reduces glucose levels mainly through delaying post-prandial hyperglycaemia (13).”
Background
Targeting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B: Recent Advances in Natural, Synthetic, and Multitarget Inhibitors for Diabetes Therapy
Braconi, L., Mattolini, L., Romanelli, M. N., Teodori, E., & Manetti, D. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16071058 · Cited by 2
Mechanisms of nephroprotective action of sodium–glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors
Росул, М. М., Блецкан, М. М., Ivano, N. V., & Korabelschykova, M. O. (2026) · Wiadomości Lekarskie · doi:10.36740/wlek/220827 · Cited by 1
“Consequently, SGLT-2 inhibitors provide a mild reduction in both fasting and postprandial glycemia [22].”
Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on body weight and metabolic parameters in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematized narrative review
Baletic, D., Božić, N., Kusturica, M. P., Tomić, L., Todorović, V. I., Vasović, S., & Rašković, A. (2026) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2026.2690834 · Cited by 1
“SGLT2 inhibitors represent a distinct class of orally administered antihyperglycemic agents whose therapeutic effect is based on the inhibition of glucose reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules, thereby promoting its urinary excretion 50,51 .”
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Severe Hypoglycemia Risks with Ipragliflozin/Insulin Versus Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes: A Japanese Real-World Database Study
Kawamura, T., Lee, T., Shintani‐Tachi, M., Terada, I., & Wakasugi, N. (2025) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-025-01815-7 · Cited by 1
“Sodium‑glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of antidiabetic drugs that lower blood glucose levels by reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys [1].”
Comparative cardiovascular risks of canagliflozin and selective SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes
Kornelius, E., Lo, S.-C., Yang, Y.-S., Wang, Y.-H., & Huang, C.-N. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1686851 · Cited by 1
“(Rieg and Vallon, 2018).”
Before you start: the safety of SGLT2 inhibitors for anti-obesity treatment
Meslamani, A. Z. A. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2025.2573368 · Cited by 2
“Its negative effects, especially those linked to intestinal SGLT1 inhibition, were explained by its nonselective activity, which also highlighted the need for more selective drugs with better effectiveness, safety, and bioavailability [32].”
Knowledge Mapping of SGLT2-Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Bibliometric Analysis.
Rezabakhsh, A., Iraji, H., Avagimyan, A., Aghajanova, E., Jndoyan, Z., Mirzoyan, L., Hassan, W., Habtemariam, S., Meddahi-Pellé, A., Pavon-Djavid, G., et al. (2025) · Current problems in cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2025.103171 · Cited by 1
Canagliflozin protects cardiovascular function in type 2 diabetic coronary artery disease by regulating natriuretic peptide B
Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zheng, Y., Yang, J. Y., Wu, X., & He, J.-D. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.70056
“SGLT2i drugs include canagli ﬂ ozin (Cana), empagli ﬂ ozin, dapagli ﬂ ozin, and ertugli ﬂ ozin 12 .”
Factors influencing early renal function changes after SGLT2 inhibitors use and its long-term prognosis: a real-world retrospective study
Xie, B., Ye, N., Wang, G.-Q., & Cheng, H. (2025) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2025.2496980 · Cited by 1
Characteristic dysbiosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and hyperuricemia, and the effect of empagliflozin on gut microbiota
Deng, X., Zhai, Y.-J., Shi, X.-Y., Tang, S., Fang, Y., Heng, H., Zhao, L.-Y., & Yuan, H. (2025) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i4.102970 · Cited by 1
Severe hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with urinary diversion.
Gomes, C., Barroso, J. B., Oliveira, A. I., Cruz, S. G., Cunha, L., & Azevedo, A. (2025) · Nefrología · doi:10.1016/j.nefro.2024.12.010 · Cited by 1
The Trajectory of Gliflozins: From Apple Tree Bark to Reduced Overall Mortality in Heart Failure
Marques, F., Valicelli, F. H., Tanaka, D. M., & Simões, M. V. (2024) · ABC Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathy · doi:10.36660/abchf.20240027i
Understanding Heart Failure: Evolution of Concepts and Treatments
Šmalcelj, A. (2024) · Cardiologia Croatica · doi:10.15836/ccar2024.251 · Cited by 1
“As antidiabetic agents, which was the primary indication, SGLT2is are modestly effective, but they proved to be exceptional in cardiac and renal protection 148–151 .”
A Population Pharmacokinetic Study to Compare a Novel Empagliflozin L-Proline Formulation with Its Conventional Formulation in Healthy Subjects
Jiang, X., Yu, K.-S., Nam, D. H., & Oh, J. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17040522 · Cited by 1
“SGLT2 inhibitors, which were first developed in 2013, are a class of hypoglycemic agents that work by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, resulting in increased glucose excretion in the urine and decreased blood glucose levels [6].”
Background
The Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Coronary Revascularization: Where Are We Now? A Systematic Review
EL‐Andari, R., Fialka, N. M., Kang, J. J. H., Bozso, S. J., Nagendran, J., & Nagendran, J. (2023) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-023-00618-0 · Cited by 1
“Maintenance of adequate glycemic control is multifactorial, with lifestyle modifications, insulin replacement, and oral antihyperglycemic agents playing a role in different circumstances [3–5].”
Sodium-glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor Canagliflozin Modulates Myocardial Metabolism and Inflammation in a Swine Model for Chronic Myocardial Ischemia
Harris, D., Sabe, S. A., Xu, C. M., Sabra, M., Broadwin, M., Malhotra, A., Li, J. W., Abid, M., & Sellke, F. (2023) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2023.09.043 · Cited by 1
Identification of novel small molecule inhibitors for solute carrier SGLT1; a computational exploration
Haider, S., Mushtaq, M., Nur‐e‐Alam, M., Ahmed, A., & Ul‐Haq, Z. (2023) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2023.2270708 · Cited by 1
“Thus, inhibiting SGLT1 in the small intestine can lead to a reduction in blood glucose levels, thereby providing a novel and effective approach to managing blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, hence improving long-term health outcomes (Dyer et al., 2002, Rieg & Vallon, 2018).”
SGLT2 inhibitors - a breakthrough in treatment of heart failure and their multipotential beneficial role in cardiology, diabetology, nephrology and neurology
Bogowska, M., Berner, A., MARCZYK, K., MATYJA, K., OLSZEWSKA, A., PĘKAŁA, M., Polak, P., POLASZEK, M., Stelmaszak, K., & Stencel, K. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.38.01.013 · Cited by 1
“[1] Flozins, both in monotherapy and combined with glucosemoderating drugs profoundly maintain adequate level of glucose in the blood.”
Background
Review: A species comparison of the kinetic homogeneous and heterogeneous organization of sodium-dependent glucose transport systems along the intestine
Subramaniam, M., & Loewen, M. E. (2023) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111492 · Cited by 4
Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT2) inhibition: A potential target for treatment of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus with Natural and Synthetic compounds
Batra, S., Bamrah, P., & Choudhary, M. (2022) · Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1080/2314808x.2022.2145734 · Cited by 1
“T-1095 inhibits the activity of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the kidney however, it showed some poor metabolic stability in preclinical trials and was abandoned [9].”
Background
Metformin use and the risk of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in type II diabetic patients
Hsu, A. T., Hung, Y.-C., Fang, S., D'Adamo, C., Mavanur, A., Svoboda, S., & Wolf, J. (2021) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/codi.15860 · Cited by 1
“SGLT2 inhibitors have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use since 2013 [20].”
Background
Therapeutic Approaches for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ( NASH )
Glatthar, R., & Arch, R. H. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471266949.bmc274 · Cited by 1
Diabetic Kidney Disease Represents a Locus of Opportunity
Ecelbarger, C. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.650503 · Cited by 1
“The original aim of this drug class, as developed, was to design a safer drug with similar properties to Phlorizin (blocked both isoforms, but which had intestinal side effects) (Rieg and Vallon, 2018).”
Background
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and the treatment of acute coronary syndrome: Does the use make sense?
Begić, E., & Aziri, B. (2023) · Galen medical journal · doi:10.5937/galmed2305081b · Cited by 1
Patterns and clinical outcomes of necrotizing soft tissue infections: a 5-year single-center cohort study
Rador, M. C., Tuzluklu, A. C., Fi̇li̇nte, G., Gideroğlu, K., Kahraman, A., Eryıldırım, B., & Küçük, H. (2026) · Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.55730/1300-0144.6393
Canagliflozin reduces the recovery of intracellular uropathogenic Escherichia coli from uroepithelial cells and affects α-hemolysin function
Hilger, A., Adick, A., Putze, J., von Vietinghoff, S., & Dobrindt, U. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-72071-3
“The remaining glucose is reabsorbed via SGLT1 in ensuing nephron segments 13 .”
Armanni-Ebstein Lesions Associated With SGLT2 Inhibitor Therapy
Takahashi, M., Kaseda, R., Ito, Y., Imai, N., Kabasawa, H., Hosojima, M., Saito, A., & Yamamoto, S. (2026) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2026.107152
SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms, physiology and pharmacology, and clinical applications
Zheng, X.-T., Xie, H.-Y., Wang, X.-H., Zhao, Y., Yang, J.-Y., Liu, Y.-X., Yuan, X.-L., Tang, H.-F., Jiang, Z., & Hu, H.-J. (2026) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-026-00604-3
“Under physiological conditions, SGLT2 is a low-affinity, high-capacity transporter located predominantly in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule, where it mediates most filtered glucose reabsorption [2, 90].”
Influential
Association of Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors With Fournier Gangrene: A Disproportionality Analysis Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database
Sun, X., Wang, L., Li, G., Zhang, H., Li, L., Xiang, G., Wang, T., Dong, L., Chen, J., & Wang, A. (2026) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000002144
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF SGLT2 INHIBITORS IMPACT ON MAJOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS INCLUDING ALZHEIMER AND PARKINSON DISEASE
Jucha, J., Zając, D., Darasz, D., Łukawski, A., Slobozheniuk, L., Bieniak-Pentchev, M., Kaczorek, M., Machnik, K., Dziewięcka, O., & Ziębka, W. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6010
Dapagliflozin vs. Standard Care for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Early Recurrence After Catheter Ablation in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Rationale and Design of the DARE-AF Trial
Yang, Z., Zhao, Z., Jiang, C., Xu, Y., Xu, H., Guo, H., Wang, Y., Li, M., Zhou, L., He, L., et al. (2026) · Cardiology Discovery · doi:10.1097/cd9.0000000000000204
Na/K-ATPase in the renal proximal tubule cell: classic & novel roles in sodium handling
Sklioutovskaya-Lopez, K., Islam, M. R., Mukherji, S. T., Strause, S., Crutchley, J., Sun, S., Pessoa, M. T., & Pierre, S. V. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1858622
“Highly specialized renal sodium transport systems (NKA, channels, cotransporters, and exchangers) have been cloned and characterized in each nephron segment, providing molecular insight and druggable targets (Ali et al., 2012; Rieg and Vallon, 2018).”
Efficacy and Safety of the Dual SGLT1 and SGLT2 Inhibitor JP-2266 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study.
Lee, E., Han, K., Kwak, S., Hong, J. H., Hwang, Y.-C., Koh, G., Hughes, J. W., Kim, S., Lee, C.-S., & Cha, B.-S. (2026) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2025.1152
“However, when glucose delivery to the late proximal tubule is increased, such as in hyperglycemia or after SGLT2 inhibition, SGLT1 operates near its maximal transport capacity, making concurrent blockade more substantial [22].”
Simple and Selective Synthesis of Critical α-Anomer Impurity of SGLT2 Inhibitors: Empagliflozin, Dapagliflozin and Canagliflozin
Reddy, N. M., Prasad, K. S., Reddy, N., Reddy, K., Kumari, G., & Mulakayala, N. (2026) · Asian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.14233/ajchem.2026.36011
Molecular subtyping and therapeutic drug prediction in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on manganese-metabolism-related genes
Li, L., Zhang, Y. S., Li, Q., Wu, Y., & Chen, G. (2026) · Arab Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.ajg.2026.07.003
Intestinal bacteria as endogenous glucose receptors: molecular mechanism and homeostatic regulation prospect of intelligent secretion of GLP-1
Liu, Y. (2026) · Advances in Engineering Technology Research · doi:10.56028/aetr.17.1.1080.2026
“L cells actively take up glucose through sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) expressed in the apical membrane, triggering membrane depolarization and calcium ion influx, triggering GLP-1 vesicle release(Rieg & Vallon, 2018).”
Early-stage antidiabetic potential of hemp seed hull-derived Cannabisins A, B, and F: Integrated computational and experimental evidence for intestinal α-glucosidase inhibition and incretin modulation
Lee, S. S., Kim, J., Lee, S. H., Kim, S., Bang, K.-H., & Yoo, Y. C. (2026) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2026.119400
Two-Step Vibrio parahaemolyticus Challenge Reveals Transcriptional Reprogramming of Trained Immunity in Shrimp Hemocytes
Li, Z., Li, S.-H., Lv, X., & Li, F.-H. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15120956
Inverse association between dietary potassium-to-sodium ratio and systemic inflammatory markers: A cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES 2021–2023 data
Sohn, Y. J., & Bae, H. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000049129
“[21] Angiotensin II (Ang II), acting via AT 1 receptors, increases reactive oxygen species production, upregulates vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1), and promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine synthesis.”
The Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Literature Review.
Babović, S., Denda, N., Maletin, N., Kusturica, M., Zečević, D., & Rašković, A. (2026) · Pharmazie · doi:10.31083/pharmazie51803
Dapagliflozin Mitigates Gamma Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Rats Through Downregulation of Ferroptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Abdou, F. Y., Shibrya, E. E., Ali, M., Arafa, N. M., & Abdelaleem, R. M. A. (2026) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2026.103438
Dapagliflozin induces renal lipidomic remodeling and systemic metabolic improvement
Li, A.-N., Ye, Y., Tang, J.-L., Hu, J., Shi, M.-Q., Wu, Y., Ji, C.-B., & Zhang, H. (2026) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/s13062-026-00800-9
“Beyond glycemic control, SGLT2is have garnered considerable attention for their pleiotropic effects, including well-documented cardiovascular and hepatic benefits [15–20].”
Pharmacokinetics of Bexagliflozin After Intravenous and Oral Administration in Cats
Patel, Y., Bhattarai, S., & Toutain, C. (2026) · Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jvp.70072
“Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors represent a significant advancement in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans (Scheen 2015; Rieg and Vallon 2018).”
From molecules to the clinic—pathophysiology of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and their emerging role in urology: A comprehensive review from the European Association of Urology Section of Endourology
Talyshinskii, A., Gauhar, V., Yuen, S. K. K., Güven, S., Tokas, T., Tsaturyan, A., Enikeev, D., & Somani, B. (2026) · Asian Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.ajur.2025.11.004
“SGLT2 is responsible for glucose reabsorption from the nephron’s proximal tubule and is located almost exclusively in renal tissue [19].”
Case Report: Bexagliflozin as an adjunct decongestive strategy in a cat with congestive heart failure and advanced chronic kidney disease
Kim, B.-J., & Song, K.-H. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1791139
“By inhibiting proximal tubular glucose and sodium reabsorption, SGLT2i increase urinary glucose excretion and promote a mild natriuresis accompanied by osmotic diuresis (7, 8).”
Influential
Editorial: World diabetes day 2024: exploring mechanisms, innovations, and holistic approaches in diabetes care
Sjöholm, Å., & Rao, A. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1808396
“Inhibitors of SGLT2 thus reduce this reabsorption, which consequently leads to increased glucosuria and osmotic diuresis and thus better glycemic control, weight loss and slightly lower blood pressure (10, 11).”
Effects of different dosages of Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on glucose level change in patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by HbA1c and renal function: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiong, R., yang, Y., Li, Y., & Zhang, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1785329
SGLT1 and SGLT2 Modulation in Antidiabetic Therapy—Comparative Insights into Gliflozins and Natural Compounds Resveratrol and Viniferin
Matei, D. P., Ghișe, A. D., Cărpinişan, L., Hutu, I., Stancu, A., Imre, K., & Dumitrescu, E. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19030376 · Cited by 1
“This natural compound was the first agent discovered to competitively inhibit SGLT1 and SGLT2 [5,33].”
Influential
Application of the protease-resistant antimicrobial peptide R7I, composed of natural amino acids, as a functional food ingredient for modulating intestinal health.
Su, Y.-Z., Sun, T., Yang, Q., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., & Shan, A. (2026) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118073
PPAR-γ Activation Alleviates Intestinal Dysfunction and Lactose Malabsorption in Experimental Food Allergy Rats
Hao, Y., Yao, L., Jin, Y., Yin, S., He, Z., & Che, H. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18040653
“…the primary active transport of glucose and galactose across the intestinal epithelium [42]; mutations in the SGLT1 gene ( SLC5A1 ) can lead to glucose/galactose malabsorption [43], while GLUT2 defects (Fanconi–Bickel syndrome) impair glucose and galactose handling and may lead to intolerance [44].”
LASSBio-1986 as a Multifunctional Antidiabetic Lead: SGLT1/2 Docking, Redox–Inflammatory Modulation and Metabolic Benefits in C57BL/6 Mice
Pereira, L., Filho, R. R. B. X., Freire, G. A., Martins, C. B. R., Perote, M. G. B., Campos, C. L. M., Monteiro, M. C. S. A., Maia, I. D. F. V. C., Lacerda, R. B., Gelves, L. G. V., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27020829
“This dual profile is mechanistically attractive, since intestinal SGLT1 and renal SGLT2 act in a coordinated manner to regulate systemic glucose homeostasis [9,10,33].”
Solute carrier inhibitors in kidney disease therapy: mechanisms and clinical implications.
Li, N., Yu, H.-M., & Gu, H. F. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.113071
SGLT2 inhibitors and left atrial function in heart failure with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction
Duman, H., Durak, H., Çetin, M., Şahin, M. A., Ergül, E., Saraçoğlu, E., Dindar, B., & Emlek, N. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-05308-0
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 inhibition may delay aging: a Mendelian randomization study
Fan, G., Qu, Z.-H., Zuo, H., & Zhou, W. (2025) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms/209208
“(2) The association between certain genetic polymorphisms in SGLT1 inhibitors and glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) has been demonstrated [17].”
In-hospital outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients taking sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
Tatarintseva, Z., Katushkina, Y. A., Kardanova, D. A., Khalafyan, A. A., Akinshina, V., Barbuhatti, K. О., & Kosmacheva, E. (2025) · South Russian Journal of Therapeutic Practice · doi:10.21886/2712-8156-2025-6-3-34-41
Sotagliflozin Reduces Glucose Absorption and Improves Ultrafiltration in a Rat Model of Chronic Peritoneal Exposure to High-Glucose Dialysate
Shi, Y., Jiang, Z.-J., Zhang, L., Zhao, Z.-Z., & Xiao, J. (2025) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000547528
Canagliflozin Inhibits Electrogenic Na+ Transport in Mouse Cortical Collecting Duct Cells
Nickerson, A. J., Albalawy, W. N., Youm, E. B., Joseph, N. A., Szekely, K. G., Kleyman, T., Weisz, O., & Kashlan, O. B. (2025) · Function · doi:10.1093/function/zqaf039
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 inhibition and depression: A Mendelian randomization study
Fan, G., Zuo, H., Shi, X.-G., & Liu, B. (2025) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121251352618
Morroniside restrains renal glucose reabsorption to regulate glucose metabolism via the PPARδ/SGLT2 signaling pathway.
Yu, B., Cui, Y., Lin, L.-Y., Wu, M., & Teng, J. (2025) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151399
Effect of SY009, a novel SGLT1 inhibitor, on the plasma metabolome and bile acids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Yang, H., Zhang, Y., Hong, Y., Wei, Y., Zhu, Y., Huang, L., Yang, Y., Sun, R., & Li, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1487058 · Cited by 1

Authors: Rieg, T., & Vallon, V.
Affiliations: University of South Florida (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Rieg, Timo
Vallon, Volker
ORCID: Rieg, Timo
Vallon, Volker
Venue: Diabetologia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-08-22
Volume: 61
Issue: 10
Pages: 2079-2086
ISSN: 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
1432-0428
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4654-7
PMC: PMC6124499
OpenAlex: W2883581800
Cited by: 377
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 4.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK112042)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Keywords: SGLT1 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter, SGLT1, SLC5A2, phloridzin, glucose-galactose malabsorption, glycosuria, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, renal protection, drug discovery, mathematical modeling, genetically engineered mouse models, intestinal glucose absorption, renal glucose reabsorption
MeSH terms: Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Animals, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Disease Models, Animal, Glucose, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Kidney, Mutation, Phlorhizin, Drug Design, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Development of SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitors

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks