Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)

In the citing paper

“GLP-1 RA augment glucosedependent insulin secretion and glucagon suppression, decelerate gastric emptying, curb postmeal glycemic increments, and reduce appetite, energy intake, and body weight (5,6,164).”

In the citing paper

“However, due to their glucose-independent stimulation of insulin secretion, they are associated with an increased risk for hypoglycemia.”

In the citing paper

“However, its ef fi cacy and safety are largely dependent on the education and support provided to facilitate self-management (5,6).”

In the citing paper

“A net energy de fi cit that can be maintained is important for weight loss (5,6,22,72 -74).”

In the citing paper

“A wide range of physical activities, including leisure time activities, can signi fi cantly reduce HbA1c levels (5,22,121,122).”

In the citing paper

“metformin has traditionally been recommended as fi rst-line glucoselowering therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes.”

In the citing paper

“GLP-1 RA augment glucosedependent insulin secretion and glucagon suppression, decelerate gastric emptying, curb postmeal glycemic increments, and reduce appetite, energy intake, and body weight (5,6,164).”

In the citing paper

“They have intermediate-to-high glycemic ef fi cacy, with lower glycemic ef fi cacy at lower estimated glomerular fi ltration rate (eGFR).”

In the citing paper

“The SGLT2i are oral medications that reduce plasma glucose by enhancing urinary excretion of glucose.”

In the citing paper

“Because of its high ef fi cacy in lowering HbA1c, minimal hypoglycemia risk when used as monotherapy, weight neutrality with the potential for modest weight loss, good safety pro fi le, and low cost, metformin has traditionally been recommended as fi rst-line glucoselowering therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes.”

In the citing paper

“The primary advantage of insulin therapy is that it lowers glucose in a dose-dependent manner and thus can address almost any level of blood glucose.”

In the citing paper

“Challenges of insulin therapy include weight gain, the need for education and titration for optimal ef fi cacy, risk of hypoglycemia, the need for regular glucose monitoring, and cost.”

In the citing paper

“Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are oral medications that increase insulin sensitivity and are of high glucose-lowering ef fi cacy (5,6).”

In the citing paper

“As per the previous consensus report and update, sulfonylureas are assessed as having high glucoselowering ef fi cacy, but with a lack of durable effect, and the advantages of being inexpensive and accessible (5,6).”

In the citing paper

“Longer-acting basal insulin analogs have a lower risk of hypoglycemia than earlier generations of basal insulin, although they may cost more.”

In the citing paper

“Current guidelines in the USA and UK stress the importance of structured and individualised education [21, 22] and European Association for the Study of Diabetes/American Diabetes Association guidelines state the importance of shared decision-making [8, 23].”

In the citing paper

“Lack of adherence and persistence with treatment in T2DM acts as a barrier to achieving glycaemic control [6], increases the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications [7], and increases healthcare costs [5, 8].”

In the citing paper

“Patient–HCP discussions before treatment initiation may help people with T2DM to better understand their options and allow for individualisation of therapy, as recommended by the American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes guidelines [8, 23].”