Diabetes as a risk factor for heart failure in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 cohorts including 12 million individuals
Open accessAbstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The prevalence of diabetes and heart failure is increasing, and diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of heart failure. However, whether diabetes confers the same excess risk of heart failure in women and men is unknown. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis of possible sex differences in the excess risk of heart failure consequent to diabetes. Our null hypothesis was that there is no such sex difference. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed for population-based cohort studies published between January 1966 and November 2018. Studies were selected if they reported sex-specific estimates of RRs for heart failure associated with diabetes, and its associated variability, which were adjusted at least for age. Random-effects meta-analyses with inverse variance weighting were used to obtain pooled sex-specific RRs and women-to-men ratio of RRs (RRRs) for heart failure associated with diabetes. RESULTS: Data from 47 cohorts, involving 12,142,998 individuals and 253,260 heart failure events, were included. The pooled multiple-adjusted RR for heart failure associated with type 1 diabetes was 5.15 (95% CI 3.43, 7.74) in women and 3.47 (2.57, 4.69) in men, leading to an RRR of 1.47 (1.44, 1.90). Corresponding pooled RRs for heart failure associated with type 2 diabetes were 1.95 (1.70, 2.22) in women and 1.74 (1.55, 1.95) in men, with a pooled RRR of 1.09 (1.05, 1.13). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The excess risk of heart failure associated with diabetes is significantly greater in women with diabetes than in men with diabetes. PROSPERO registration: CRD42019135246.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The association between diabetes and increased heart failure risk is observed in people with type 2 diabetes and also evident in people with type 1 diabetes.
“This association is not only observed in people with type 2 diabetes but also evident in people with type 1 diabetes (216,217).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [217]
People with diabetes are at an increased risk for developing heart failure, as shown in multiple longitudinal, observational studies.
“People with diabetes are at an increased risk for developing heart failure, as shown in multiple longitudinal, observational studies (216,217).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [217]
People with diabetes are at increased risk for developing heart failure, as shown in multiple longitudinal, observational studies.
“People with diabetes are at an increased risk for developing heart failure, as shown in multiple longitudinal, observational studies (205,206).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [206]
The association between diabetes and increased heart failure risk is observed in both type 2 and type 1 diabetes.
“This association is not only observed in people with type 2 diabetes but also evident in people with type 1 diabetes (205,206).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [206]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Dermyshi, E., Wang, Y., Yan, C., Hong, W., Qiu, G., Gong, X., & Zhang, T. (2017) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000454668 · Cited by 24,577 · see citing works
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623 · see citing works
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 17,633 · see citing works
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
Power, D. V. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1593 · Cited by 8,672 · see citing works
Authors Task Force Members, Rydén, L., Grant, P. J., Anker, S. D., Berne, C., Cosentino, F., Danchin, N., Deaton, C., Escaned, J., Hammes, H., et al. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht108 · Cited by 1,958 · see citing works
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Revisited
Boudina, S., & Abel, E. D. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.679597 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1.9 million people
Shah, A. D., Langenberg, C., Rapsomaniki, E., Denaxas, S., Pujades-Rodriguez, M., Gale, C. P., Deanfield, J., Smeeth, L., Timmis, A., & Hemingway, H. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70219-0 · Cited by 1,225 · see citing works
He, J., Ogden, L. G., Bazzano, L. A., Vupputuri, S., Loria, C., & Whelton, P. K. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.7.996 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Peters, S. A. E., Huxley, R. R., & Woodward, M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60040-4 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Self-citationChatterjee, S., Peters, S. A. E., Woodward, M., Mejia Arango, S., Batty, G. D., Beckett, N., Beiser, A., Borenstein, A. R., Crane, P. K., Haan, M., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1588 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Self-citationSeferović, P. M., Petrie, M. C., Filippatos, G. S., Anker, S. D., Rosano, G., Bauersachs, J., Paulus, W. J., Komajda, M., Cosentino, F., de Boer, R. A., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.1170 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Peters, S. A. E., Huxley, R. R., & Woodward, M. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3260-6 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Self-citationRydén, L., Grant, P. J., Anker, S. D., Berne, C., Cosentino, F., Danchin, N., Deaton, C., Escaned, J., Hammes, H., Huikuri, H., et al. (2014) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2013.10.013 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Glycemic control in youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Petitti, D. B., Klingensmith, G. J., Bell, R. A., Andrews, J. S., Dabelea, D., Imperatore, G., Marcovina, S., Pihoker, C., Standiford, D., Waitzfelder, B., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.05.025 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Risk of cause-specific death in individuals with diabetes: a competing risks analysis
Baena-Díez, J. M., Peñafiel, J., Subirana, I., Ramos, R., Elosua, R., Marín-Ibañez, A., Guembe, M. J., Rigo, F., Tormo-Díaz, M. J., Moreno-Iribas, C., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0614 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Huxley, R. R., Peters, S. A. E., Mishra, G. D., & Woodward, M. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70248-7 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationSex disparities in treatment of cardiac risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Wexler, D., Grant, R. W., Meigs, J., Nathan, D., & Cagliero, E. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.514 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Regensteiner, J. G., Golden, S., Huebschmann, A. G., Barrett-Connor, E., Chang, A. Y., Chyun, D., Fox, C. S., Kim, C., Mehta, N., Reckelhoff, J. F., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000343 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019
Frías, J. P. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-sint01 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Howard, B. V., Cowan, L. D., Go, O. T., Welty, T. K., Robbins, D. C., Lee, E. T., & Strong Heart Study Investigators (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.8.1258 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
McAllister, D. A., Read, S. H., Kerssens, J., Livingstone, S., McGurnaghan, S., Jhund, P., Petrie, J., Sattar, N., Fischbacher, C., Kristensen, S. L., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.034986 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Shen, Y., Cai, R., Sun, J. L., Dong, X., Huang, R., Tian, S., & Wang, S. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1014-6 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Wannamethee, S. G., Papacosta, O., Lawlor, D. A., Whincup, P. H., Lowe, G. D. O., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Sattar, N. A. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2284-4 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Mongraw‐Chaffin, M., Peters, S. A. E., Huxley, R., & Woodward, M. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00086-8 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Disparities in the Treatment and Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes
Gouni‐Berthold, I., Berthold, H. K., Mantzoros, C. S., Böhm, M., & Krone, W. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0194 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Ohkuma, T., Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4664-5 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationPenno, G., Solini, A., Bonora, E., Fondelli, C., Orsi, E., Zerbini, G., Trevisan, R., Vedovato, M., Gruden, G., Laviola, L., et al. (2013) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12073 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Dauriz, M., Targher, G., Laroche, C., Temporelli, P. L., Ferrari, R., Anker, S., Coats, A., Filippatos, G., Crespo-Leiro, M., Mebazaa, A., et al. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-2016 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Peters, S. A. E., Huxley, R., & Woodward, M. (2013) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.113.001624 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationHypertension, Obesity, Diabetes, and Heart Failure–Free Survival
Ahmad, F. S., Ning, H., Rich, J. D., Yancy, C. W., Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., & Wilkins, J. T. (2016) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.08.001 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Hospitalization for congestive heart failure. Explaining racial differences
Alexander, M. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.274.13.1037 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Aune, D., Schlesinger, S., Neuenschwander, M., Feng, T., Janszky, I., Norat, T., & Ríboli, E. (2018) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2018.07.005 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Reis, J. P., Allen, N. B., Bancks, M. P., Carr, J. J., Lewis, C. E., Lima, J. A. C., Rana, J. S., Gidding, S. S., & Schreiner, P. J. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-2233 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nilsson, P. M., Theobald, H., Journath, G., & Fritz, T. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813430310003264 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Rosengren, A., Vestberg, D., Svensson, A., Kosiborod, M., Clements, M. A., Rawshani, A., Pivodic, A., Guðbjörnsdóttir, S., & Lind, M. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00292-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Quantifying the duration of pre‐diabetes
Bertram, M., & Vos, T. (2010) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00532.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Predictors of Incident Heart Failure in a Large Insured Population
Goyal, A., Norton, C. R., Thomas, T. N., Davis, R. L., Butler, J., Ashok, V., Zhao, L., Vaccarino, V., & Wilson, P. W. F. (2010) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.110.938175 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ballotari, P., Venturelli, F., Greci, M., Rossi, P. G., & Manicardi, V. (2017) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2017/6039356 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Johansson, I., Edner, M., Dahlström, U., Näsman, P., Rydén, L., & Norhammar, A. (2013) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.44 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Göbl, C. S., Brannath, W., Bozkurt, L., Handisurya, A., Anderwald, C. H., Luger, A., Krebs, M., Kautzky‐Willer, A., & Bischof, M. G. (2010) · Gender Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.genm.2010.11.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Excess risk of hospitalisation for heart failure among people with type 2 diabetes
Rosengren, A., Edqvist, J., Rawshani, A., Sattar, N. A., Franzén, S., Adiels, M., Svensson, A., Lind, M., & Guðbjörnsdóttir, S. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4700-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Vaccaro, O., Boemi, M., Cavalot, F. L., Feo, P. D., Miccoli, R., Patti, L., Rivellese, A. A., Trovati, M., Ardigò, D., & Zavaroni, I. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.10.026 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Recent-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Population-Based Cohort Study
Leung, A. A. C., Eurich, D. T., Lamb, D. A., Majumdar, S. R., Johnson, J. A., Blackburn, D. F., & McAlister, F. A. (2008) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.10.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Chen, H., Ho, C., & Li, C. (2018) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13493 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Huxley, R., Barzi, F., Woo, J., Giles, G. G., Lam, T. H., Rahimi, K., Konety, S., Ohkubo, T., Jee, S. H., Fang, X., et al. (2014) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-61 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationWomen with Diabetes Have Poorer Control of Blood Pressure Than Men
Duggirala, M. K., Cuddihy, R. M., Cuddihy, M.-T. M., Nyman, M., Naessens, J. M., & Pankratz, V. S. (2005) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2005.14.418 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Policardo, L., Seghieri, G., Francesconi, P., Anichini, R., Franconi, F., & Prato, S. D. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.09.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Vimalananda, V. G., Biggs, M. L., Rosenzweig, J. L., Carnethon, M. R., Meigs, J. B., Thacker, E. L., Siscovick, D. S., & Mukamal, K. J. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.12.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Research digest: heart failure in diabetes comes into focus
Sattar, N. A., & Preiss, D. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30212-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [12]Stroup DF Berlin JA Morton SC Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group JAMA 2000 283 15 2008 2012 10789670
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Groenewegen, A., Rutten, F. H., Mosterd, A., & Hoes, A. W. (2020) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.1858 · Cited by 2,043 · see citing works
Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0 · Cited by 2,001 · see citing works
The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030
Vogel, B., Mónica Acevedo, B., Appelman, Y., Merz, C. N. B., Chieffo, A., Figtree, G. A., Guerrero, M. E., Kunadian, V., Lam, C. S. P., Maas, A. H. E. M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00684-x · Cited by 1,536 · see citing works
Basic Mechanisms of Diabetic Heart Disease
Ritchie, R. H., & Abel, E. D. (2020) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.315913 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Sex differences in type 2 diabetes
Kautzky-Willer, A., Leutner, M., & Harreiter, J. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05891-x · Cited by 624 · see citing works
10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Das, S. R., Ekhlaspour, L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s010 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Pop‐Busui, R., Januzzi, J. L., Bruemmer, D., Butalia, S., Green, J. B., Horton, W. B., Knight, C. M., Levi, M., Rasouli, N., & Richardson, C. R. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci22-0014 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Das, S. R., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s010 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: everything the clinician needs to know
Campbell, P. C., Rutten, F. H., Lee, M. M. Y., Hawkins, N. M., & Petrie, M. C. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02756-3 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Roeters van Lennep, J. E., Tokgözoğlu, L. S., Badimon, L., Dumanski, S. M., Gulati, M., Hess, C. N., Holven, K. B., Kavousi, M., Kayıkçıoğlu, M., Lutgens, E., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad472 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Kazé, A. D., Zhuo, M., Kim, S. C., Patorno, E., & Paik, J. M. (2022) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01476-x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Cardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease, Addressing Knowledge and Clinical Practice Gaps
Mechanick, J. I., Farkouh, M. E., Newman, J. D., & Garvey, W. T. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.046 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ni, T., Huang, X., Pan, S., & Lu, Z. (2021) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.16890 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*, Bajaj, M., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s010 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Diabetic heart disease: A clinical update
Rajbhandari, J., Fernandez, C. J., Agarwal, M., Yeap, B. X. Y., & Pappachan, J. M. (2021) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v12.i4.383 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
de Jong, M., Woodward, M., & Peters, S. A. E. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2363 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationHorton, W. B., Love, K. M., Gregory, J. M., Liu, Z., & Barrett, E. J. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00826.2024 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Predicting and preventing heart failure in type 2 diabetes
Pandey, A., Khan, M. S., Patel, K. V., Bhatt, D. L., & Verma, S. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00128-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Clemens, K. K., Woodward, M., Neal, B., & Zinman, B. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2257 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationKodama*, S., Fujihara, K., Horikawa, C., Sato, T., Iwanaga, M., Yamada, T., Kato, K., Watanabe, K., Shimano, H., Izumi, T., et al. (2020) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12782 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Duration of Diabetes and Incident Heart Failure
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Zhang, S., Florido, R., HAMO, C. E., Pankow, J. S., Michos, E. D., Goldberg, R. B., Nambi, V., Gerstenblith, G., Post, W. S., et al. (2021) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2021.06.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Crudele, L., Matteis, C. D., Novielli, F., Buduo, E. D., Petruzzelli, S., Giorgi, A. D., Antonica, G., Berardi, E., & Moschetta, A. (2024) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-024-00617-z · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Diabetes and Progression of Heart Failure
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ndumele, C. E., Zhang, S., Florido, R., Matsushita, K., Coresh, J., Skali, H., Shah, A. M., & Selvin, E. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.03.378 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chase-Vilchez, A., Chan, I. H. Y., Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2020) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01130-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationGestational Diabetes and Incident Heart Failure: A Cohort Study
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Guan, J., Retnakaran, R. R., & Shah, B. R. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-0552 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Qiu, S., Liu, J., Chen, J., Li, Y., Bu, T., Li, Z., Zhang, L., Sun, W., Zhou, T., Hu, W., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02463-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cosman, F., Peterson, L. R., Towler, D. A., Mitlak, B., Wang, Y., & Cummings, S. R. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa450 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Green space and cardiovascular health in people with type 2 diabetes
Astell‐Burt, T., Navakatikyan, M., Walsan, R., Davis, W. R., Figtree, G. A., Arnolda, L., & Feng, X. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102554 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
de Jong, M., Woodward, M., & Peters, S. A. E. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109899 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationHaye, A., Ansari, M. A., Rahman, S. O., Shamsi, Y., Ahmed, D., & Sharma, M. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173376 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Rentsch, C. T., Garfield, V., Mathur, R., Eastwood, S. V., Smeeth, L. L., Chaturvedi, N., & Bhaskaran, K. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100693 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy and risk of incident heart failure among adults with type 2 diabetes
Kazé, A. D., Yuyun, M. F., Erqou, S. A., Fonarow, G. C., & Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B. (2022) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2432 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
van Ommen, A. M. L. N., Canto, E. D., Cramer, M. J., Rutten, F. H., Onland‐Moret, N. C., & den Ruijter, H. M. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02650-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sex Differences of the Diabetic Heart
Fourny, N., Beauloye, C., Bernard, M., Horman, S., Desrois, M., & Bertrand, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.661297 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Microvascular Disease and Incident Heart Failure Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kazé, A. D., Santhanam, P., Erqou, S. A., Ahima, R. S., Bertoni, A. G., & Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.018998 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Harreiter, J., Fadl, H., Kautzky‐Willer, A., & Simmons, D. S. (2020) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-020-01348-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bancks, M. P., Akhabue, E., Rana, J. S., Reis, J. P., Schreiner, P. J., Yano, Y., & Lewis, C. E. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108334 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Meng, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Liu, C., Yao, P., Zhang, L., Xie, D., Lau, W. B., Tsukuda, J., Christopher, T. A., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.122.063073 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
McClements, L., Kautzky‐Willer, A., Kararigas, G., Ahmed, S. B., & Stallone, J. N. (2025) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-025-00714-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kawabe, A., Yasu, T., Morimoto, T., Tokushige, A., Momomura, S., Sakakura, K., Node, K., Inoue, T., Ueda, S., & The CHD Collaborative Investigators (2021) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.13513 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sergi, G., Dianin, M., Bertocco, A. G., Zanforlini, B. M., Curreri, C., Mazzochin, M., Simons, L. A., Manzato, E., & Trevisan, C. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.04.034 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chadalavada, S., Jensen, M. T., Aung, N., Cooper, J. A., Lekadir, K., Munroe, P. B., & Petersen, S. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.658726 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The good and the BAT of metabolic sex differences in thermogenic human adipose tissue
Keuper, M., & Jastroch, M. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111337 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ding, M., Shi, R., Du, Y., Chang, P., Gao, T., De, D., Chen, Y., Li, M., Li, J., Li, K., et al. (2025) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2025.03.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sueldo, M. D., Rivera, M. A. M., Sanchez-Zambrano, M. B., Zilberman, J. M., Múnera, A. G., Paniagua, M., Campos-Alcántara, L., Almonte, C., Paix-Gonzales, A., Anchique-Santos, C. V., et al. (2022) · Archivos de cardiología de México · doi:10.24875/acm.22000071 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Broni, E. K., Ndumele, C. E., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Kalyani, R. R., Bennett, W. L., & Michos, E. D. (2022) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-021-01444-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Diabetes, GDF-15 and incident heart failure: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Daya, N. R., Ndumele, C. E., Matsushita, K., Hoogeveen, R. C., Ballantyne, C. M., Coresh, J., Shah, A. M., & Selvin, E. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05678-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Impact of gender on relative rates of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes
Angoulvant, D., Ducluzeau, P., Renoult-Pierre, P., Fauchier, G., Herbert, J., Semaan, C., Bodin, A., Bisson, A., & Fauchier, L. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101226 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Severe Hypoglycemia and Incident Heart Failure Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Kazé, A. D., Fonarow, G. C., & Dagogo-Jack, S. E. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab794 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Li, F., Hukportie, D. N., Yang, H. J., Yang, H., Chen, G., & Wu, X.-B. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-0177 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sex and gender differences in anesthesia: Relevant also for perioperative safety?
Filipescu, D. C., & Ştefan, M. G. (2020) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sayed, A., Vasan, R., Harrell, F. E. J., & Butler, J. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.1503 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wu, H., Yang, A., Lau, E. S. H., Zhang, X., Fan, B., Shi, M., Huang, C., Ronald, C. W., Kong, A. P. S., Chow, E., et al. (2023) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004261 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gibson, A. A., Sainsbury, E., Schneuer, F. J., Humphries, J., Lee, C., Gale, J., Chadban, S. J., Gillies, M. C., Chow, C. K., Colagiuri, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2023-221759 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Razaghizad, A., Oulousian, E., Randhawa, V. K., Ferreira, J. P., Brophy, J. M., Greene, S. J., Guida, J., Felker, G. M., Fudim, M., Tsoukas, M. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.024833 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Type 1 Diabetes and Risk of Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Haji, M., Erqou, S., Fonarow, G., & Tcheugui, J. E. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110805 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Russo, G. T., Manicardi, V., Rossi, M. C., Orsi, E., & Solini, A. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.08.011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Guan, J., Fu, L., Retnakaran, R. R., & Shah, B. R. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43618 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Theofilis, P., Oikonomou, E. K., Tsioufis, K. P., & Tousoulis, D. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13020497 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Barriers and solutions in women’s health research and clinical care: a call to action
Regensteiner, J. G., McNeil, M., Faubion, S. S., Bairey-Merz, C. N., Gulati, M., Joffe, H., Redberg, R. F., Rosen, S. E., Reusch, J. E. B., & Klein, W. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101037 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus and outcomes of lower extremity revascularization for peripheral artery disease
Bhandari, N., Newman, J. D., Berger, J. S., & Smilowitz, N. R. (2020) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa095 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wargny, M., Croyal, M., Ragot, S., Gand, E., Jacobi, D., Trochu, J.-N., Prieur, X., Le May, C., Goronflot, T., Cariou, B., et al. (2022) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01505-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Preventing new-onset heart failure: Intervening at stage A
Upadhya, B., Hegde, S., Tannu, M., Stacey, R. B., Kalogeropoulos, A. P., & Schocken, D. D. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100609 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chee, K. H., Tan, K. L., Ibrahim, L., Saiful, S. S., Chew, Y. Y., Chinna, K., & Tan, A. T. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.676862 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yeung, A. M., Huang, J. K., Pandey, A., Hashim, I. A., Kerr, D. E., Pop‐Busui, R., Rhee, C. M., Shah, V. N., Bally, L., Bayés‐Genís, A., et al. (2023) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2023.05.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Giandalia, A., Russo, G. T., Ruggeri, P., Giancaterini, A., Brun, E., Cristofaro, M., Bogazzi, A., Rossi, M. C., Lucisano, G., Rocca, A., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad302 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Serum Individual Nonesterified Fatty Acids and Risk of Heart Failure in Older Adults
Djoussé, L., Biggs, M. L., Matthan, N. R., Ix, J. H., Fitzpatrick, A. L., King, I. B., Lemaître, R. N., McKnight, B., Kizer, J. R., Lichtenstein, A. H., et al. (2021) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000513917 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Łukawska-Tatarczuk, M. M., Franek, E., Czupryniak, L., Joniec‐Maciejak, I., Pawlak, A., Wojnar, E., Zieliński, J., Mirowska-Guzel, D. M., & Mrozikiewicz‐Rakowska, B. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11081110 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Groenewegen, A., Zwartkruis, V. W., Cekic, B., de Boer, R. A., Rienstra, M., Hoes, A. W., Rutten, F. H., & Hollander, M. (2021) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01313-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cardiometabolic-based chronic disease: adiposity and dysglycemia drivers of heart failure
Correia, E. T. D. O., Mechanick, J. I., Barbetta, L. M. D. S., Jorge, A. J. L., & Mesquita, E. T. (2022) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-022-10233-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ohkuma, T., Iwase, M., Fujii, H., & Kitazono, T. (2023) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-023-00517-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSex and ethnic differences in the cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes
Yeo, J. L., Brady, E. M., McCann, G. P., & Gulsin, G. S. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188211034297 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Panchal, K., Lawson, C. A., Chandramouli, C., Lam, C. S. P., Khunti, K. K., & Zaccardi, F. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.111054 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kautzky‐Willer, A., Leutner, M., Abrahamian, H., Frühwald, L., Hoppichler, F., Lechleitner, M., & Harreiter, J. (2023) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-023-02185-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Patients phenotypes and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: the Jackson Heart Study
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Musani, S. K., Bertoni, A. G., Correa, A., Fox, E. R., & Mentz, R. J. (2022) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01501-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Arbel, R., Aboalhasan, E., Hammerman, A., & Azuri, J. (2021) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.03.040 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tecce, N., de Alteriis, G., de Alteriis, G., Verde, L., Tecce, M. F., Colao, A., & Muscogiuri, G. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12070753 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bocchi, E. A., Biolo, A., Moura, L. Z., de Figueiredo, J. A., Montenegro, C. E. L., & de Albuquerque, D. C. (2021) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20210031 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kazé, A. D., Santhanam, P., Erqou, S. A., Bertoni, A. G., Ahima, R. S., & Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B. (2021) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.13385 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Oral Semaglutide and Heart Failure Outcomes in Persons With Type 2 Diabetes
Pop-Busui, R., Rasmussen, S. M., Deanfield, J. E., Buse, J. B., Marx, N., Mulvagh, S. L., Inzucchi, S. E., Mann, J. F. E., Emerson, S. S., Poulter, N. R., et al. (2026) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.7774 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, S., Guo, J., Liu, X., Tian, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Mingyan, E., & Fang, S. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01090-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Galectin‐3, Metabolic Risk, and Incident Heart Failure: The ARIC Study
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Zhang, S., Florido, R., Pankow, J. S., Michos, E. D., Goldberg, R. B., Nambi, V., Gerstenblith, G., Post, W. S., Blumenthal, R. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.031607 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ganekal, P., Vastrad, B. M., Vastrad, C. M., & Kotrashetti, S. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease · doi:10.1177/17539447231168471 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease: more than meets the eye
Patel, N., Greene, N., Guynn, N., Sharma, A., Toleva, O., & Mehta, P. K. (2023) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2023.2281933 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Samidurai, A., Olex, A. L., Ockaili, R. A., Kraskauskas, D., Roh, S. K., Kukreja, R. C., & Das, A. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12242820 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Precision Medicine in Type 1 Diabetes
Michalek, D. A., Önengüt-Gümüşcü, S., Repaske, D. R., & Rich, S. S. (2023) · Journal of the Indian Institute of Science · doi:10.1007/s41745-023-00356-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Risk stratification tools for heart failure in the diabetes clinic
Cannistraci, R., Mazzetti, S., Mortara, A., Perseghin, G., & Ciardullo, S. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.03.022 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Velagic, A., Li, J. C., Qin, C. X., Li, M., Deo, M., Marshall, S. A., Anderson, D., Woodman, O. L., Horowitz, J. D., Kemp‐Harper, B. K., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15849 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
LeBlanc, E. S., Brooks, N., Davies, M., & Chatterjee, R. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae655 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Minutolo, R., Simeon, V., Nicola, L. D., Chiodini, P., Galiero, R., Rinaldi, L., Caturano, A., Vetrano, E., Sardu, C., Marfella, R., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02371-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Scores in Type 1 Diabetes
Erqou, S. A., Shahab, A., Fayad, F. H., Haji, M. S., Yuyun, M. F., Joseph, J., Wu, W., Adler, A., Orchard, T. J., & Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B. (2024) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101462 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Glycemic Markers and Heart Failure Subtypes: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ogunmoroti, O., Golden, S. H., Bertoni, A. G., Mongraw‐Chaffin, M., Pandey, A., Ndumele, C. E., & Michos, E. D. (2022) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.01.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sun, L. Y., Zghebi, S. S., Eddeen, A. B., Liu, P. P., Lee, D. S., Tu, K., Tobe, S. W., Kontopantelis, E., & Mamas, M. A. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-0894 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Identifying Risk Factors for Heart Failure: A Case Study Employing Data Mining Algorithms
Souza, V. S., & Lima, D. A. (2023) · Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems · doi:10.47852/bonviewjdsis32021386 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chen, H., Liu, W., Tseng, C.-H., Chen, Y., Lee, W., Fang, Y., Chong, S.-Z., & Chen, M. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2022/6758297 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exercise Effects on Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Bletsa, E., Oikonomou, E. K., Dimitriadis, K. S., Stampouloglou, P. K., Fragoulis, C., Lontou, S. P., Korakas, E., Beneki, E., Kalogeras, K. I., Lambadiari, V., et al. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13081742 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Varma, B., Ogunmoroti, O., Ndumele, C. E., Kazzi, B. E., Rodriquez, C., Osibogun, O. I., Allison, M., Bertoni, A. G., & Michos, E. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1062460 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Iwase, M., Ohkuma, T., Fujii, H., Oku, Y., Higashi, T., Oshiro, A., Ide, H., Nakamura, U., & Kitazono, T. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110732 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationPrenatal Exposure to Severe Stress and the Risk of Heart Failure Up to Middle-Age
Yang, F., Janszky, I., Roos, N., Li, J., & László, K. D. (2024) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2024.01.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Guan, Y., Zhang, M., Lacy, C., Shah, S. A., Epstein, F. H., & Yan, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010633 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ohkuma, T., Komorita, Y., Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (AU)
- Kyushu University (JP)
- The George Institute for Global Health (GB)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ohkuma, Toshiaki
- Peters, Sanne A. E.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2019-07-18
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1550-1560
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- PMC
- PMC6677875
- OpenAlex
- W2960917570
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 5.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- University of Oxford
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, heart failure, sex differences, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, women, men, relative risk, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Sex Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
