Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: a pooled analysis of 2·3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes confers a greater excess risk of cardiovascular disease in women than in men. Diabetes is also a risk factor for dementia, but whether the association is similar in women and men remains unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of unpublished data to estimate the sex-specific relationship between women and men with diabetes with incident dementia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A systematic search identified studies published prior to November 2014 that had reported on the prospective association between diabetes and dementia. Study authors contributed unpublished sex-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs on the association between diabetes and all dementia and its subtypes. Sex-specific RRs and the women-to-men ratio of RRs (RRRs) were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Study-level data from 14 studies, 2,310,330 individuals, and 102,174 dementia case patients were included. In multiple-adjusted analyses, diabetes was associated with a 60% increased risk of any dementia in both sexes (women: pooled RR 1.62 [95% CI 1.45–1.80]; men: pooled RR 1.58 [95% CI 1.38–1.81]). The diabetes-associated RRs for vascular dementia were 2.34 (95% CI 1.86–2.94) in women and 1.73 (95% CI 1.61–1.85) in men, and for nonvascular dementia, the RRs were 1.53 (95% CI 1.35–1.73) in women and 1.49 (95% CI 1.31–1.69) in men. Overall, women with diabetes had a 19% greater risk for the development of vascular dementia than men (multiple-adjusted RRR 1.19 [95% CI 1.08–1.30]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with type 2 diabetes are at ∼60% greater risk for the development of dementia compared with those without diabetes. For vascular dementia, but not for nonvascular dementia, the additional risk is greater in women.
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Dementia risk increased with the duration and severity of diabetes.
“The risk of dementia increased with the duration and severity of diabetes.”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
The Results report higher dementia risk in people with diabetes than in those without it. But the Conclusions explicitly state that the analysis did not examine diabetes duration or glycemic control, so it does not support the claimed increase with duration or severity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA pooled meta-analysis of type 2 diabetes found diabetes associated with increased risk of any dementia (RR 1.6 for women and men).
“In a pooled meta-analysis from over 2·3 million individuals with type 2 diabetes across 14 cohort studies, including 102 174 with dementia, diabetes was associated with an increased risk of any dementia (RR 1·6, 95% CI 1·5–1·8 for women and 1·6, 1·4–1·8 for men).”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
The Abstract Results report 14 studies, 2,310,330 participants, 102,174 dementia cases, and an approximately 1.6-fold risk of any dementia in both sexes, with confidence intervals matching the citing sentence when rounded. But the citing sentence describes all 2.3 million participants as having type 2 diabetes; Table 1 lists participants with diabetes separately from total participants, so that population description is incorrect. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Chatterjee, S., Peters, S. A. E., Woodward, M., Mejia Arango, S., Batty, G. D., Beckett, N., Beiser, A., Borenstein, A. R., Crane, P. K., Haan, M., Hassing, L. B., Hayden, K. M., Kiyohara, Y., Larson, E. B., Li, C.-Y., Ninomiya, T., Ohara, T., Peters, R., Russ, T. C., Seshadri, S., Strand, B. H., Walker, R., Xu, W., & Huxley, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Alfred Health (AU)
- The George Institute for Global Health (GB)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Department of Population Studies, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Baja California, México
- Alzheimer Scotland (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Boston University (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Kyushu University (JP)
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- National Cheng Kung University (TW)
- National Health Service Scotland (GB)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Huxley, Rachel R.
- ORCID
- Chatterjee, Saion
- Peters, Sanne A.E.
- Woodward, Mark
- Batty, G. David
- Beckett, Nigel
- Beiser, Alexa
- Crane, Paul K.
- Haan, Mary
- Hassing, Linda B.
- Hayden, Kathleen M.
- Larson, Eric B.
- Li, Chung-Yi
- Ninomiya, Toshiharu
- Ohara, Tomoyuki
- Peters, Ruth
- Russ, Tom C.
- Seshadri, Sudha
- Strand, Bjørn H.
- Walker, Rod
- Xu, Weili
- Huxley, Rachel R.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2015-12-17
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 300-307
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC4722942
- OpenAlex
- W2211614117
- Cited by
- 711
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 14 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks @ UTRGV (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS-SGCL12-Russ)
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (P12-0567, AGECAP 2013-2300)
- Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd (2013‐2300, AGECAP 2013-2300)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K026992/1)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (25253048)
- National Institute on Aging (AG006781, P30AG010129, AG-12975, R01AG012975, U01AG006781, AG-09769, R01AG054076, R01AG009769, R01AG008122)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HHSN268201 100012C, HHSN268201100007I, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN2682 01100008C, HH-SN-268201100006C, HHSN268201100011C, HHSN2682011-00005I, HHSN2682011-00009I, HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100005G, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011I, HHSN26820 1100009C, HHSN2682011-00008I)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-60753, R01DK060753)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS017950)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, dementia, sex differences, vascular dementia, dementia risk, women, men
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Dementia, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Dementia, Vascular
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