Cost-effectiveness analysis of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin in overweight patients with Type II diabetes (UKPDS No. 51)
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis To estimate the economic efficiency of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin compared with conventional therapy primarily with diet in overweight patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Methods Cost-effectiveness analysis based on patient level data from a randomised clinical controlled trial involving 753 overweight (> 120% ideal body weight) patients with newly diagnosed Type II diabetes conducted in 15 hospital-based clinics in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland as part of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study. Subjects were allocated at random to an intensive blood-glucose control policy with metformin (n = 342) or a conventional policy primarily with diet (n = 411). The analysis was based on the cost of health care resources associated with metformin and conventional therapy and the estimated effectiveness in terms of life expectancy gained from within-trial effects. Results Intensive blood-glucose control with metformin produced a net saving of 258 Pounds per patient (1997 United Kingdom prices) over the trial period (median duration of 10.7 years) due to lower complication costs, and increased life expectancy by 0.4 years (costs and benefits discounted at 6%). Conclusions/interpretation As metformin is both cost-saving in the United Kingdom and extends life expectancy when used as first line pharmacological therapy in overweight Type II diabetic patients, its use should be attractive to clinicians and health care managers alike.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Tight glycemic control can lower diabetes-related mortality by about 42% and decreases the risk of complications.
“Tight glycemic control can lower diabetes-related mortality by about 42% and decreases the risk of complications, thereby reducing costs (9, 10).”
Cites
Stratton, I. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 · Cited by 9,059 · see citing works
Self-citationTurner, R. C., Fox, C., Matthews, McElroy, H. H., Cull, C. A., Holman, R. R., Neil, P., Hadden, D. R., Wright, D., Manley, E., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · Cited by 8,419 · see citing works
Self-citationCost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine
(1996) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195108248.001.0001 · Cited by 7,193 · see citing works
Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data
Schafer, J. L. (1997) · doi:10.1201/9781439821862 · Cited by 6,012 · see citing works
Roderick J.A. Little, Donald B. Rubin — Statistical Analysis with Missing Data
Bo., N., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1988) · Population · doi:10.2307/1533221 · Cited by 2,155 · see citing works
Economic Consequences of Diabetes Mellitus in the U.S. in 1997
American Diabetes Association (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.2.296 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
(1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6972.83 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Handling uncertainty when performing economic evaluation of healthcare interventions.
Briggs, A. H., & Gray, L. J. (1999) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta3020 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Mäkimattila, S., Nikkilä, K., & Yki‐Järvinen, H. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051172 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7160.720 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Model of Complications of NIDDM: I. Model construction and assumptions
Eastman, R. C., Javitt, J. C., Herman, W. H., Dasbach, E. J., Zbrozek, A. S., Dong, F., Manninen, D. L., GARFIELD, S. A., Copley‐Merriman, C., Maier, W. C., et al. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.5.725 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Efficacy of metformin in the treatment of NIDDM. Meta-analysis.
Johansen, K. B. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.1.33 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A. (2000) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-1-200007040-00016 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The cost-effectiveness of different management strategies for Type I diabetes: a Swiss perspective
Palmer, A. J., Weiss, C., Sendi, P., Neeser, K., Brandt, A., Singh, G., Wenzel, H., & Spinas, G. A. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050003 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Selby, J. V., Ettinger, B. B., Swain, B. E., & Brown, J. B. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.1.38 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Negative Side of Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Mullahy, J. (1997) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540480031025 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cost effectiveness of antenatal anti-D prophylaxis
Vick, S., Cairns, J., Urbaniak, S. J., Whitfield, C. R., & Raafat, A. (1996) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1050(199607)5:4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Feasibility and Outcomes of Insulin Therapy in Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Saudek, C. D., & Golden, S. H. (1999) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-199914050-00005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brown, R. R. (1998) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/55.suppl_4.s24 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 24 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The UKPDS risk engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in Type II diabetes (UKPDS 56)
STEVENS, R. J., KOTHARI, V., ADLER, A. I., & STRATTON, I. M. (2001) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20000335 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Lancet Commission on diabetes: using data to transform diabetes care and patient lives
Chan, J. C. N., Lim, L.-L., Wareham, N. J., Shaw, J. E., Orchard, T. J., Zhang, P., Lau, E. S. H., Eliasson, B., Kong, A. P. S., Ezzati, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32374-6 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Self-citationCost-Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent and Control Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Li, R., Zhang, P., Barker, L. E., Chowdhury, F. M., & Zhang, X. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0843 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Hemmingsen, B., Lund, S. S., Gluud, C., Vaag, A., Almdal, T., Hemmingsen, C., & Wetterslev, J. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d6898 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
The Lancet Commission on diabetes: using data to transform diabetes care and patient lives
Chan, J. C. N., Lim, L., Wareham, N. J., Shaw, J. E., Orchard, T. J., Zhang, P., Lau, E. S. H., Eliasson, B., Kong, A. P. S., Ezzati, M., et al. (2020) · Figshare · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citationHemmingsen, B., Lund, S. S., Gluud, C. N., Vaag, A. A., Almdal, T., & Wetterslev, J. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008143.pub4 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
RetractedThe burden of type 2 diabetes: are we doing enough?
Zimmet, P. (2003) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(03)72783-9 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Diet and risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes
Mann, J. I. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09901-4 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Does Diabetes Disease Management Save Money and Improve Outcomes?
Sidorov, J. E., Shull, R., Tomcavage, J. F., Girolami, S., Lawton, N., & Harris, R. I. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.4.684 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hou, X., Song, J., Li, X., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Chen, L., & Shen, Y. H. (2010) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.017 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Hemmingsen, B., Lund, S. S., Gluud, C. N., Vaag, A. A., Almdal, T., & Wetterslev, J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008143.pub3 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
RetractedCost-effectiveness of Interventions to Manage Diabetes: Has the Evidence Changed Since 2008?
Siegel, K. R., Ali, M. K., Zhou, X., Ng, B. P., Jawanda, S., Proia, K. K., Zhang, X., Gregg, E. W., Albright, A. L., & Zhang, P. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci20-0017 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Loveman, E., Cave, C., Green, C., Royle, P., Dunn, N., & Waugh, N. R. (2003) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta7220 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Clarke, P. M., Gray, A. M., Briggs, A., Stevens, R. J., Matthews, D. R., Holman, R. R., & (UKPDS), O. B. O. T. U. P. D. S. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1717-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationCost-Effectiveness of Intensified Versus Conventional Multifactorial Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes
Gæde, P., Valentine, W. J., Palmer, A. J., Tucker, D. M. D., Lammert, M., Parving, H., & Pedersen, O. B. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-2452 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Schäfer, A., & Högger, P. (2007) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.011 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Palmer, A. J., Roze, S., Valentine, W. J., Spinas, G. A., Shaw, J. E., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2004) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(04)90029-x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Trends in the Mortality Burden Associated With Diabetes Mellitus
Thomas, R. J., Palumbo, P. J., Melton, L. J., Roger, V. L., Ransom, J. E., O’Brien, P. C., & Leibson, C. L. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.4.445 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
GENUTH, S. M., Palmer, J. P., & Nathan, D. M. (2018) · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Nediani, C., Raimondi, L., Borchi, E., & Cerbai, E. (2010) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3198 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Gray, A. P. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7369.860 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationIntensive Integrated Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes
Gæde, P., & Pedersen, O. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.suppl_3.s39 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Pharmacological and surgical treatment of obesity.
Shekelle, P., Morton, S. C., Maglione, M., Suttorp, M. J., Tu, W., Li, Z., Maggard, M. A., Mojica, W., Shugarman, L. R., & Solomon, V. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Screening for Type 2 Diabetes and Dysglycemia
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ali, M. K., Griffin, S. J., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2011) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxq020 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Task Force #1—magnitude of the prevention problem: opportunities and challenges
Benjamin, E. J., Smith, S. C., Cooper, R., Hill, M. N., & Luepker, R. V. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02082-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Hemmingsen, B., Lund, S. S., Gluud, C. N., Vaag, A. A., Almdal, T., Hemmingsen, C., & Wetterslev, J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008143.pub2 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
RetractedYu, A. P., Wu, E. Q., Birnbaum, H. G., Emani, S., FAY, M., Pohl, G. M., Wintle, M. E., Yang, E., & Oglesby, A. K. (2007) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/0300799007x219544 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Gnesin, F., Thuesen, A. C. B., Kähler, L. K. A., Madsbad, S., & Hemmingsen, B. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012906.pub2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Andújar-Plata, P., Pi-Sunyer, X., & Laferrère, B. (2011) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.09.022 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Costs and Consequences Associated With Newer Medications for Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Sinha, A., Rajan, M., Hoerger, T. J., & Pogach, L. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1488 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Children
Décsi, T., & Moln??r, D. (2003) · Pediatric Drugs · doi:10.2165/00128072-200305050-00002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Preventing diabetic complications: A primary care perspective
Zimmet, P. (2009) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.01.016 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cost Effectiveness of Preventive Interventions in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Vijgen, S. M. C., Hoogendoorn, M., Baan, C. A., de Wit, G. A., Limburg, W., & Feenstra, T. (2006) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200624050-00002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The UKPDS and its global impact
GENUTH, S. M. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02504.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
An economic evaluation of the Irbesartan in Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT) in a UK setting
Palmer, A. J., Annemans, L., Roze, S., Lamotte, M., Rodby, R. A., & Bilous, R. (2004) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001729 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Xie, X., & Vondeling, H. (2008) · Value in Health · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00363.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Tilden, D., Mariz, S., O'Bryan-Tear, G., Bottomley, J. M., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2007) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200725010-00005 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Economics of Screening and Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Raikou, M., & McGuire, A. J. (2003) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200321080-00002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmaco-economic issues for diabetes therapy.
Bottomley, J., & Raymond, F. (2007) · Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2007.08.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mason, J. M., Young, R. J., New, J. P., Gibson, M., Long, A., Gambling, T. S., & Friede, T. (2006) · Disease Management & Health Outcomes · doi:10.2165/00115677-200614060-00007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Task Force #2—the cost of prevention: can we afford it? Can we afford not to do it?
Krumholz, H. M., Weintraub, W. S., Bradford, W. D., Heidenreich, P. A., Mark, D. B., & Paltiel, A. D. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02083-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Goldfarb, N. I., Weston, C. M., Hartmann, C. W., Sikirica, M. V., Crawford, A. G., He, H., Howell, J. B., Maio, V., Clarke, J. L., Nuthulaganti, B. R., et al. (2004) · Disease Management · doi:10.1089/109350704322919005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Sun, J., Wang, X., Tao, X., Wang, H., & Tan, W. (2014) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2014.0203 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Economic Evaluations of Adult Weight Management Interventions
Griffiths, U. K., Anigbogu, B., & Nanchahal, K. (2012) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.2165/11599250-000000000-00000 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
An economic evaluation of atenolol vs. captopril in patients with Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 54)
Gray, A. M., Clarke, P., Raikou, M., Adler, A., Stevens, R., Neil, A., Cull, C. A., STRATTON, I. M., Holman, R. R., & the UKPDS Group (2001) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2001.00485.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationRefill adherence to oral antihyperglycaemic drugs in Sweden
Haupt, D. W., Weitoft, G. R., & Nilsson, J. L. G. (2008) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-008-0076-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Okoro, C. A., Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Vinicor, F., & Giles, W. H. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.039 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rasekaba, T. M., Lim, W. K., & Hutchinson, A. F. (2012) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah10992 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Patient Responses to Incentives in Consumer-directed Health Plans: Evidence from Pharmaceuticals
Huckfeldt, P. J., Haviland, A. M., Mehrotra, A., Wagner, Z., & Sood, N. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20927 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tucker, D. M. D., & Palmer, A. J. (2010) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2010.10.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Erny-Albrecht, K. M., & Erdmann, E. (2009) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2009.12381 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ward, A. J., Salas, M., Jaime, J., & Owens, D. R. (2004) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/1478-7547-2-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, H., Wang, M., Wang, J., Liu, H., Lu, R., Duan, T., Gong, X., Feng, S., Cui, Z., Liu, Y., et al. (2019) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2019.10.38 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cardiovascular risk reduction in diabetes: underemphasised and overdue. Messages from major trials.
Adler, A. (2001) · Clinical medicine (London) · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.1-6-472 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationThe economic analyses of the UK prospective diabetes study
Gray, A. M., & Clarke, P. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02502.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAl-Maatouq, M. A., Alarouj, M., Assaad, S. H., Assaad, S. N., Azar, S. T., Hassoun, A. A. K., Jarrah, N. S., Zatari, S., & Alberti, K. G. M. M. (2009) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02235.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Xue, H., Zhang, L., Shi, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., Tan, W., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1630588 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nuckols, T. K., McGlynn, E. A., Adams, J., Lai, J., Go, M.-H., KEESEY, J. W., & Aledort, J. E. (2011) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01257.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Journal, C. (2005) · Core evidence · doi:10.2147/ce.s7412 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Songer, T. J., Glazner, J. E., Coombs, L. P., Cuttler, L., Daniel, M., Estrada, S., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Kriska, A. M., Laffel, L. M., & Zhang, P. (2006) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1586/14737167.6.3.315 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Veenstra, D. L., Ramsey, S. D., & Sullivan, S. D. (2002) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200220001-00003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bottomley, J., Palmer, A., Williams, R., Dormandy, J., & Massi-Benedetti, M. (2006) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/14746514060060020401 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Engström, S., Borgqúist, L., Berne, C., Gahnberg, L., & Svärdsudd, K. (2013) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3109/03009734.2013.818599 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stevens, E. R., Farrell, D., Jumkhawala, S. A., & Ladapo, J. A. (2018) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2018.06.013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Harle, C. A. (2018) · doi:10.1184/r1/6471023 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hayes, S. M., Dupuis, M., & Murray, S. (2008) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-8-30 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Economic Costs of Diabetes
Rodríguez‐Saldaña, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25519-9_3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Sánchez, B., Feenstra, T., Bilo, H. J. G., & Alessie, R. J. M. (2019) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-019-01072-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Aldafas, R., Crabtree, T. S. J., Vinogradova, Y., Gordon, J. P., & IDRIS, I. R. (2023) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2023.2166489 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The longitudinal cost of end-stage renal disease in persons with diabetes in the United States
Manninen, D. L., Dong, F. B., Dasbach, E. J., Carides, G. W., Herman, W. H., & Collins, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.3111/200407041051 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of oral hypoglycaemic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Ward, A., O’Brien, J. A., & Salas, M. (2005) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.6.4.601 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Terrés-Speziale, A. M. (2006) · Revista Latinoamericana de Patología Clínica y Medicina de Laboratorio · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ichihara, N., Maezawa, M., Nakao, S., Miyasaka, K., Hirofuji, S., Yamashita, M., Nokura, Y., Matsui, K., Uranishi, H., Kitamura, M., et al. (2024) · BPB Reports · doi:10.1248/bpbreports.7.3_76 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pharmaco-economic issues for diabetes therapy
Bottomley, J. M., & Raymond, F. D. (2009) · Insulin · doi:10.1016/s1557-0843(09)80005-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mora, T., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, B. (2025) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-025-00613-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aguilar, S., Estrada, R. C., García, M. M., & Barrientos, J. V. R. (2011) · Revista de especialidades m�dico-quir�rgicas · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lévy, J. (2001) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/14746514010010010301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diabetes: costs and cost‐effectiveness
Gray, A. M. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03101.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPre-diabetes: to treat or not to treat?
Ferrannini, E. (2003) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/1474651403003001s0201 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cost‐Effectiveness of Interventions for the Prevention and Control of Diabetes
Li, R., & Zhang, P. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470682807.ch27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Das Inkretinhormon GLP-1: Eine therapeutische Option bei Typ-2-Diabetes?
Göke, B., Hoppe, B., Konrad, A., & Schirra, J. R. J. (2002) · Pharmazie in unserer Zeit · doi:10.1002/1615-1003(200205)31:3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Estimation of mortality savings due to a national program for diabetes care
Dreiher, J., Ginsberg, G. M., Rabinowitz, G., Segal, A. R., Weitzman, R., & Porath, A. (2008) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2008.09.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cost-Effectiveness of Glycemic Control
Knezevich, E. L., Campbell, J. A., & Hilleman, D. E. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-308-4_24
Modeling the economics of prevention
Lindgren, P. (2005) · Figshare
Adeyemi, A. (2014) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
The Economics of Diabetes Care: Europe
Siddiqi, K., & Williams, R. (2003) · doi:10.1002/0470862092.d1111
Mshunqane, N. (2013) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
From THE INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
Giuseppe, D. D. (2014)
Zhang, P., & Li, R. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0020
Thomas, L. (2000) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns.14.31.3.s1
Lim, K. H., Shin, H. T., Sohn, H. S., Oh, J. M., & Lee, Y. S. (2009) · Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
Sharma, A. M. (2002) · doi:10.1002/9780470986882.ch19
O’Connor, P. J., Sperl‐Hillen, J. M., & Gilmer, T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11815-0_22
(2001) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.172
Liu, R., Zheng, Y., Zhou, L., Nie, P., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Guan, Q., Ji, R., Guo, Q., Chen, Z., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2081719/v1
O’Connor, P. J., Vickery, K. D., & Gilmer, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25519-9_24
Padwal, R. S., & Sharma, A. M. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444309768.ch18
Guan, S., Shi, Y., Wang, S., Leng, Y., Yu, Y., Liu, J. H., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15110843
Srinivasan, B. T. (2011) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)
- Authors
- Clarke, P., Gray, A., Adler, A., Stevens, R., Raikou, M., Cull, C., Stratton, I., & Holman, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- City, University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2001-03-09
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 298-304
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W2040803183
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 25.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Wellcome Trust (054470/Z/98/Z/DG/NOS/, 054470/Z/98/Z)
- British Heart Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- National Eye Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- cost-effectiveness, metformin, tight glycemic control, type 2 diabetes, overweight patients, life expectancy, diabetes complications, dietary therapy, health care costs
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Glucose, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Costs and Cost Analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Diabetic, England, United Kingdom, Humans, Hypertension, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Metformin, Middle Aged, Northern Ireland, Obesity, Patient Education as Topic, Scotland, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
