Anxiety and depression in the working population using the HAD Scale: Psychometrics, prevalence and relationships with psychosocial work characteristics

Andrea, H.; Bültmann, U.; Beurskens, A. J. H. M.; Swaen, G. M. H.; van Schayck, C. P.; Kant, I. J.

doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0797-6

Cited by 119Workplace Health and Well-beingOccupational Health and BurnoutAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Anxiety and depression in the working population using the HAD Scale: Psychometrics, prevalence and relationships with psychosocial work characteristics

Andrea, H., Bültmann, U., Beurskens, A. J. H. M., Swaen, G. M. H., van Schayck, C. P., Kant, I. J.·2004·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

DOI 10.1007/s00127-004-0797-6

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Abstract

Background The purposes of this study were: 1) to explore the psychometric properties of the HAD Scale in the working population, 2) to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression on two severity levels among employees, and 3) to examine whether psychosocial work-related determinants for both categories of mental health problems may differ.Methods Data were taken from 7482 employees participating in the epidemiological Maastricht Cohort Study on Fatigue at Work. Anxiety and depression were measured with the easy to administer self-report Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale, while several questionnaires and self-formulated questions were used to measure psychosocial work-related characteristics.Results A principal component analysis indicated that the HAD Scale enables measuring anxiety and depression as separate constructs among employees. On a subclinical level, prevalences of anxiety and depression were both considerable: anxiety prevalences were 8.2 % for males and 10 % for females, and depression prevalences were 7.1% for males and 6.2% for females. Regarding self-reported psychosocial work characteristics, in multivariate regression analyses partly differential cross-sectional associations were found for anxiety and depression.Conclusions The results indicate that subclinical anxiety and depression are considerable in the working population and provide suggestive evidence that diagnosing, preventing or managing anxiety and depression among employees may require focusing on different aspects of their psychosocial work environment.

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Sub-clinical, "healthy" samples often report meaningful anxiety symptoms that impact well-being and quality of life.
“sub-clinical, “healthy” samples often report meaningful anxiety symptoms that impact one’s well-being and quality of life (59–63)”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [59]

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The association between health and sickness absence among Danish and non-Western immigrant cleaners in Denmark
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“Consequently,depression ishighlyprevalentinworkingpopulations,witha12-monthprevalence rate of 7.1% for men and 6.2% for women (Andrea et al., 2004; Blackmore et al., 2007; Shields, 2006; Wang et al., 2010a,b).”
Influential
Experience of Health Complaints and Help Seeking Behavior in Employees Screened for Depressive Complaints and Risk of Future Sickness Absence
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“(Groenvold et al, 1999; Crawford et al, 2001; Andrea et al, 2004).”
Background
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Patient characteristics in a return to work programme for common mental disorders: a cross-sectional study
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“Furthermore, employees in cluster 8 did not know their schedules in advance, and it has been previously demonstrated that unpredictable work schedules might be a cause of job stress (Andrea et al., 2004; INRS, 2014).”
Background
Associations between depressive complaints and indicators of labour participation among older Dutch employees: a prospective cohort study
Jennen, J. G. M., Jansen, N., van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M., Slangen, J. J. M., & Kant, I. (2020) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-020-01584-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Association between shift work and obesity in a large sample of Iranian steel industry workers
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Signaleringsrapport Beroepsziekten '04
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“, depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder (3, 4).”
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“The assessment utilises the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983), nominated as the primary measure as it captures information about both depression and anxiety as well as having been validated previously for use with employees (Andrea et al., 2004; Bocerean and Dupret, 2014).”
Method
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Sambasivam, R., Jeyagurunathan, A., Abdin, E., Shafie, S., Chang, S. S. H., Vaingankar, J. A., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01741-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“Our examination of subclinical symptoms is important given their high prevalence (Andrea et al., 2004; Blazer, Hughes, & George, 1987; Bryant, Jackson, & Ames, 2008) and association with an increased risk for clinical disorders (Cuijpers & Smit, 2004).”
Background
EMOTIONS AND WORK BURNOUT FROM THE REBT PERSPECTIVE: A SHORT–TERM PROSPECTIVE STUDY
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Effect of Dance Therapy on Stress Among Geriatrics
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Тревожно - депрессивные расстройства у работников здравоохранения
Семионенкова, Н. В., Аргунова, Ю. А., Титова, Н. Е., & Хлопьева, Н. В. (2011) · Вестник Смоленской государственной медицинской академии

Authors: Andrea, H., Bültmann, U., Beurskens, A. J. H. M., Swaen, G. M. H., van Schayck, C. P., & Kant, I. J.
Affiliations: Maastricht University (NL)
Zuyd University of Applied Sciences (NL)
Corresponding author: Andrea, H.
ORCID: Andrea, H.
Bültmann, U.
Beurskens, A. J. H. M.
Swaen, G. M. H.
Kant, I. J.
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2004-08
Volume: 39
Issue: 8
Pages: 637-646
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-004-0797-6
OpenAlex: W2123860724
Cited by: 119
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 5.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: anxiety, depression, subclinical anxiety, subthreshold depression, working population, workers, psychometric properties, psychosocial work environment, prevalence, sex differences, workplace mental health
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Occupational Diseases, Personality Inventory, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Cohort Studies

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Anxiety and depression in the working population using the HAD Scale: Psychometrics, prevalence and relationships with psychosocial work characteristics

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