Parental lack of care and overprotection: Longitudinal associations with DSM-III-R disorders
Abstract
Background This study served to replicate and extend the findings from the National Comorbidity Survey [Enns MW, Cox BJ, Clara I (2002) Psychol Med 32:997-1008], in examining associations between recalled parental bonding and the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adulthood. Methods Data were used from 4,796 adults aged 18-64, who had participated in three waves (i.e., 1996, 1997, and 1999) of a large-scale Dutch epidemiological study. Results Parental lack of care and overprotection were significantly associated with both prevalence and incidence of DSM-III-R disorders. However, the impact of parental bonding was modest, explaining only 1-5% of the variance in the occurrence and onset of psychopathology. Chi-square tests demonstrated there were no differences between the impact of paternal and maternal rearing behaviors on mental disorders, or between lack of care and overprotection in the prediction of mental disorders. Conclusions Overall, individuals' recollections of parental lack of care and overprotection appear to be non-specifically, modestly related to the prevalence and incidence of DSM-III-R disorders in adults from the general population. Future research may examine indirect or mediated links between parental bonding and (clinical diagnoses of) mental health problems.
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Fathers' overprotection was significantly related to social phobia.
“Fathers' overprotection was significantly related to social phobia, and mothers' overprotection was significantly related to social and simple phobia.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al. (2007)
Mothers' overprotection was significantly related to social phobia.
“Fathers' overprotection was significantly related to social phobia, and mothers' overprotection was significantly related to social and simple phobia.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al. (2007)
No studies found reduced anxiety following overprotective parenting.
“No studies found reduced anxiety following overprotective parenting (Lieb et al., 2000; Overbeek et al., 2007; Heider et al., 2008; Knappe et al., 2012).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al., 2007
Mothers' overprotection was significantly related to simple phobia.
“Fathers' overprotection was significantly related to social phobia, and mothers' overprotection was significantly related to social and simple phobia.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al. (2007)
Maternal overprotection was found to be related to the subsequent onset of major depressive disorder.
“Maternal overprotection was found to be related to the subsequent onset of major depressive disorder”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al. (2007)
Three studies (Overbeek et al., 2007; Knappe et al., 2012; Rogers et al., 2020) only used child self-report, exposing them to risk of mono-method bias and response bias.
“Three studies only used child self-report, thereby exposing their study to the risk of mono-method bias and response bias (Overbeek et al., 2007; Knappe et al., 2012; Rogers et al., 2020).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al., 2007
Of the 5 longitudinal studies, 2 found a relationship with both anxiety and depression.
“and 2 finding a relationship with both and anxiety and depression (Overbeek et al., 2007; Rogers et al., 2020)”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al., 2007
In Overbeek et al. (2007), parenting behavior predicted only a small amount of variance in mental health.
“Additionally, the parenting behavior only predicted the variance in mental health by a small amount (Overbeek et al., 2007).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al., 2007
Overbeek et al. (2007) found a relationship between overprotective parenting and depression.
“Overbeek et al. (2007) found a relationship between overprotective parenting and depression.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al. (2007)
Overbeek et al. (2007) may be vulnerable to inflated risk of type 1 error due to multiple comparisons from including 11 formal diagnoses for mental disorders in their analysis.
“One of the longitudinal studies, in particular, may be vulnerable to inflated risk of type 1 error due to multiple comparisons as they included 11 formal diagnoses for mental disorders in their analysis (Overbeek et al., 2007).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al., 2007
Of the 5 longitudinal studies, 3 found a relationship between parenting style and anxiety.
“with 3 finding a relationship between parenting style and anxiety (Overbeek et al., 2007; Knappe et al., 2012; Rogers et al., 2020)”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Overbeek et al., 2007
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A parental bonding instrument.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x · Cited by 3,788 · see citing works
Bijl, R. V., Ravelli, A., & van Zessen, G. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050098 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
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A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression
Vigdal, J. S., & Brønnick, K. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872981 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Kullberg, M.-L., Maciejewski, D., van Schie, C. C., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Elzinga, B. M. (2020) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000864 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Petrowski, K., Tibubos, A. N., Burghardt, J., Wiltink, J., Michal, M., Wild, P. S., Schulz, A., Münzel, T., et al. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2020.66.3.243 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Influence of Parent's Child-rearing Attitudes, Social Support and Hardiness on Subjective Happiness
Jung, E.-S., & Lee, J.-Y. (2013) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2013.13.09.204 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Overbeek, G., ten Have, M., Vollebergh, W., & de Graaf, R.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Overbeek, Geertjan
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2006-09-14
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 87-93
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- OpenAlex
- W2092950140
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- parental bonding, parental overprotection, adult mental disorders, prevalence of mental disorders, replication study, National Comorbidity Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Care, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Time Factors, Incidence, Parenting, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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