CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 193Health disparities and outcomesRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 109 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Do racial patterns in psychological distress shed light on the Black–White depression paradox? A systematic review

Barnes, David M., Bates, Lisa M.·2017·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
DOI 10.1007/s00127-017-1394-9
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose Major epidemiologic studies in the US reveal a consistent "paradox" by which psychiatric outcomes such as major depressive disorder (MDD) are less prevalent among Blacks relative to Whites, despite greater exposure to social and economic stressors and worse physical health outcomes. A second paradox, which has received less attention and has never been systematically documented, is the discrepancy between these patterns and Black-White comparisons in psychological distress, which reveal consistently higher levels among Blacks. By systematically documenting the latter paradox, this paper seeks to inform efforts to explain the first paradox. Methods We conduct a systematic review of the literature estimating the prevalence of MDD and levels of psychological distress in Blacks and Whites in the US. Results The literature review yielded 34 articles reporting 54 relevant outcomes overall. Blacks have a lower prevalence of MDD in 8 of the 9 comparisons observed. In contrast, Blacks have higher levels of psychological distress (in terms of "high distress" and mean scores) than Whites in 42 of the 45 comparisons observed. Tests of statistical significance, where available, confirm this discrepant pattern. Conclusions A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence supports the existence of a "double paradox" by which Blacks' lower prevalence of MDD relative to Whites' is inconsistent with both the expectations of social stress theory and with the empirical evidence regardin…

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00127-017-1394-9

Cites

109 of 109 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 110 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Monroe SM, Slavich GM, Georgiades K (2009) The social environment and life stress in depression. In: Gotlib IH, Hammen CL (eds) Handbook of depression. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 340–360
  2. Fleischman JA (2007) Measurement equivalence for three mental health status measures. Department of Health and Human Services, Peachtree City, pp 55–62
  3. Mays VM, Cochran SD, Ponce NA (2004) Thinking about race and ethnicity in population-based studies of health. In: Beech BM, Goodman M (eds) Race and research: perspectives on minority participation in health studies. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, pp 79–100
  4. Williams DR, Harris-Reid M (1999) Race and mental health: emerging patterns and promising approaches. In: Horwitz AV, Scheid TL (eds) Handbook for the study of mental health: social contexts, theories, and systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 295–314
  5. Breslau J, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Kendler KS et al (2006) Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a US national sample. Psychol Med 36:57–68 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 193

Related

Metadata

Authors
Barnes, D. M., & Bates, L. M.
Affiliations
  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
  • Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author
Barnes, David M.
ORCID
Bates, Lisa M.
Venue
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-05-29
Volume
52
Issue
8
Pages
913-928
ISSN
  • 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
  • 1433-9285
DOI
10.1007/s00127-017-1394-9
OpenAlex
W2619634349
Cited by
193
References
110
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
FWCI
1.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations
  • Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
major depressive disorder, psychological distress, racial disparities, African Americans, White Americans, depression prevalence
MeSH terms
Black or African American, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Stress, Psychological, United States, Prevalence, White People, Health Status Disparities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review