Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample
Open accessAbstract
Background. Epidemiological studies have found lower than expected prevalence of psychiatric disorders among disadvantaged race-ethnic minority groups in the USA. Recent research shows that this is due entirely to reduced lifetime risk of disorders, as opposed to persistence. Specification of race-ethnic differences with respect to clinical and social characteristics can help identify the protective factors that lead to lower lifetime risk among disadvantaged minority groups. Method. Data on 5424 Hispanics, non-Hispanic Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites came from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative survey conducted with the World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Race-ethnic differences in risk of disorders were compared across specific diagnoses, ages of onset, cohorts and levels of education. Results. Both minority groups had lower risk for common internalizing disorders: depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. In addition, Hispanics had lower risk for dysthymia, oppositional-defiant disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; non-Hispanic Blacks had lower risk for panic disorder, substance use disorders and early-onset impulse control disorders. Lower risk among Hispanics, relative to non-Hispanic Whites, was found only among the younger cohort (age [les ]43 years). Lower risk among minorities was more pronounced at lower levels of education. Conclusion. The pattern of race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorders suggests the presence of protective factors that originate in childhood and have generalized effects on internalizing disorders. For Hispanics, but not for non-Hispanic Blacks, the influence of these protective factors has emerged only recently.
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Some studies have found that incidence of psychotic outcomes has increased in recent decades, while others have found no change, or a decrease.
“Some studies have found that incidence of psychotic outcomes has increased in recent decades (58,59), while others have found no change, or a decrease (60,61).”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [60]
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- Authors
- BRESLAU, J., AGUILAR-GAXIOLA, S., KENDLER, K. S., SU, M., WILLIAMS, D., & KESSLER, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-10-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-68
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC1924605
- OpenAlex
- W2081498711
- Cited by
- 673
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 21.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- John W. Alden Trust
- World Health Organization
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh052861-04, 5r01mh069864-04)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Johnson and Johnson
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01 MH52861, R01MH046376, MH 46376, K01MH066057, U13MH066849, K01 MH66057-02, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864, R01MH049098)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- racial and ethnic differences, mental illness, lifetime risk, Hispanic Americans, non-Hispanic blacks, non-Hispanic whites, internalizing disorders, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, dysthymia, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, panic disorder, substance use disorders, impulse control disorders, age of onset, educational attainment, protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Black or African American, Demography, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Black People, White People
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