Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown could be considered a ‘perfect storm’ for increases in emotional distress. Such increases can only be identified by studies that use data collected before and during the pandemic. Longitudinal data are also needed to examine (1) the roles of previous distress and stressors in emotional distress during the pandemic and (2) how COVID-19-related stressors and coping strategies are associated with emotional distress when pre-pandemic distress is accounted for. Methods: Data came from a cohort study ( N = 768). Emotional distress (perceived stress, internalizing symptoms, and anger), COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies were measured during the pandemic/lockdown when participants were aged 22. Previous distress and stressors were measured before COVID-19 (at age 20). Results: On average, participants showed increased levels of perceived stress and anger (but not internalizing symptoms) during the pandemic compared to before. Pre-COVID-19 emotional distress was the strongest predictor of during-pandemic emotional distress, followed by during-pandemic economic and psychosocial stressors (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions) and hopelessness, and pre-pandemic social stressors (e.g. bullying victimization and stressful life events). Most health risks to self or loved ones due to COVID-19 were not uniquely associated with emotional distress in final models. Coping strategies associated with reduced distress included keeping a daily routine, physical activity, and positive reappraisal/reframing. Conclusions: In our community sample, pre-pandemic distress, secondary consequences of the pandemic (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions), and pre-pandemic social stressors were more consistently associated with young adults' emotional distress than COVID-19-related health risk exposures.
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Test scores do not consider children's psychosocial development, societal costs due to productivity decline, or heightened pressure among parents.
“Test scores do not consider children’s psychosocial development (63, 64), either societal costs due to productivity decline or heightened pressure among parents (65, 66).”
From Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [64]
The Methods (Measures; page unavailable) assess economic and lifestyle disruptions among young adults, and the Discussion (page unavailable) links those disruptions to emotional distress. Neither passage addresses what test scores omit, societal costs from declining productivity, or heightened pressure on parents. Searches for those specific points found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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- Authors
- Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Integrierte Psychiatrie Winterthur (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Shanahan, Lilly
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2020-06-23
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 824-833
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC7338432
- OpenAlex
- W3036964275
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 213 · 2020: 34
- FWCI
- 53.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, emotional distress, young adults, perceived stress, internalizing problems, anger, coping strategies, hopelessness, economic stressors, psychosocial stressors, bullying victimization, life events, lockdown, resilience, positive reappraisal
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Distress, COVID-19, Adult, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Pandemics
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