Manufactured nanomaterials: categorization and approaches to hazard assessment
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers enormous potential for technological progress. Fortunately, early and intensive efforts have been invested in investigating toxicology and safety aspects of this new technology. However, despite there being more than 6,000 publications on nanotoxicology, some key questions still have to be answered and paradigms need to be challenged. Here, we present a view on the field of nanotoxicology to stimulate the discussion on major knowledge gaps and the critical appraisal of concepts or dogma. First, in the ongoing debate as to whether nanoparticles may harbour a specific toxicity due to their size, we support the view that there is at present no evidence of 'nanospecific' mechanisms of action; no step-change in hazard was observed so far for particles below 100 nm in one dimension. Therefore, it seems unjustified to consider all consumer products containing nanoparticles a priori as hazardous. Second, there is no evidence so far that fundamentally different biokinetics of nanoparticles would trigger toxicity. However, data are sparse whether nanoparticles may accumulate to an extent high enough to cause chronic adverse effects. To facilitate hazard assessment, we propose to group nanomaterials into three categories according to the route of exposure and mode of action, respectively: Category 1 comprises nanomaterials for which toxicity is mediated by the specific chemical properties of its components, such as released ions or functional groups on the surface. Nanomaterials belonging to this category have to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, depending on their chemical identity. Category 2 focuses on rigid biopersistent respirable fibrous nanomaterials with a specific geometry and high aspect ratio (so-called WHO fibres). For these fibres, hazard assessment can be based on the experiences with asbestos. Category 3 focuses on respirable granular biodurable particles (GBP) which, after inhalation, may cause inflammation and secondary mutagenicity that may finally lead to lung cancer. After intravenous, oral or dermal exposure, nanoscaled GBPs investigated apparently did not show 'nanospecific' effects so far. Hazard assessment of GBPs may be based on the knowledge available for granular particles. In conclusion, we believe the proposed categorization system will facilitate future hazard assessments.
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Alveolar macrophages attempt to ingest and remove respired micro-organisms and dust particles.
“Alveolar macrophages attempt to ingest and remove respired micro-organisms and dust particles [4, 5].”
From Macrophages bend long fibres with flexural rigidity lower than 3 mN·nm2 to avoid frustrated phagocytosis (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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7 Conclusions and Recommendations
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Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy
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- Authors
- Gebel, T., Foth, H., Damm, G., Freyberger, A., Kramer, P.-J., Lilienblum, W., Röhl, C., Schupp, T., Weiss, C., Wollin, K.-M., & Hengstler, J. G.
- Affiliations
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (DE)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Bayer (Germany) (DE)
- Technische Universität Darmstadt (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- FH Münster University of Applied Sciences (DE)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
- TU Dortmund University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gebel, Thomas
- Foth, Heidi
- Hengstler, Jan Georg
- Venue
- Archives of Toxicology
- Published
- 2014-10-19
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2191-2211
- ISSN
- 0340-5761 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0738
- OpenAlex
- W2056899960
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Keywords
- nanotoxicology, engineered nanomaterials, hazard assessment, nanoparticle size, biokinetics, nanoparticle accumulation, asbestos, lung cancer, exposure pathways, mechanism of action
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Particle Size, Solubility, Surface Properties, Toxicology, Hazardous Substances, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Nanostructures
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