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Cited by 67Carcinogens and Genotoxicity AssessmentOccupational and environmental lung diseasesNanoparticles: synthesis and applications

Carcinogenicity of inhaled nanoparticles

Roller, Markus·2009·Inhalation Toxicology
DOI 10.1080/08958370902942541
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Abstract

Large epidemiological studies in the United States have shown a statistical association between air concentration of the fine dust fraction PM(2.5) in the general environment and increased risk of lung cancer. A quantitative risk assessment for lung cancer based on these studies corresponds to risk estimates based on studies at workplaces with exposure to diesel engine emissions; its magnitude cannot be explained by the known carcinogenicity of organic substances or metals adsorbed to the insoluble particle core. Carcinogenic effects of diesel particles were observed after inhalation in rats independently in several studies. The surprisingly strong effect of diesel particles was partially attributed to their small size. This hypothesis was corroborated by inhalation studies with synthetic nanoparticles virtually free of organic compounds. IARC found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of carbon black and of titanium dioxide in experimental animals. Long-term studies by the method of intratracheal instillation confirmed the carcinogenic effects in rats for an even broader spectrum of synthetic nanoparticles. Non-positive studies with hamsters are not valid because hamsters did not develop lung tumors after inhalation of some known human carcinogens. In recent years, the number of publications reporting in vitro genotoxicity of TiO(2) and of carbon black nanomaterials has increased. Overall, there is clear positive evidence for carcinogenicity in rats, together with supporting evidence from human data of structurally related substances. Therefore, the European Union (EU) criteria for category 2 of carcinogenic substances appear to be fulfilled for bio-durable nanoparticles consisting of matter without known significant specific toxicity.

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  • IARC deemed the evaluation to yield inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of carbon black and TiO2.

    “With the exception of a large population of carbon black workers in Germany where a doubling of cancer risk was noted, the findings proved to be inconsistent and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) deemed the evaluation to yield “inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity” [58].”

    From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [58]

  • There is inadequate epidemiological analysis to conclude a causal relationship between exposure to engineered nanoparticles and lung cancer risk.

    “Regarding engineered nanoparticles, it has been concluded that there is inadequate epidemiological analysis to conclude a causal relationship between exposure to particles and lung cancer risk [58].”

    From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [58]

  • In a large population of carbon black workers in Germany, a doubling of cancer risk was noted.

    “With the exception of a large population of carbon black workers in Germany where a doubling of cancer risk was noted, the findings proved to be inconsistent and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) deemed the evaluation to yield “inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity” [58].”

    From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [58]

  • The findings of the epidemiological survey of workers exposed to carbon black and TiO2 proved inconsistent.

    “With the exception of a large population of carbon black workers in Germany where a doubling of cancer risk was noted, the findings proved to be inconsistent and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) deemed the evaluation to yield “inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity” [58].”

    From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [58]

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Authors
Roller, M.
Corresponding author
Roller, Markus
Venue
Inhalation Toxicology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2009-06-30
Volume
21
Issue
sup1
Pages
144-157
ISSN
  • 0895-8378 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-7691
DOI
10.1080/08958370902942541
OpenAlex
W2147316601
Cited by
67
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
FWCI
3.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Inhalation Toxicology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Occupational and environmental lung diseases
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
Keywords
inhaled nanoparticles, diesel particles, PM2.5, lung cancer, carbon black, titanium dioxide, synthetic nanoparticles, intratracheal instillation, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity classification, International Agency for Research on Cancer, hamster, particle size
MeSH terms
Air Pollutants, Animals, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Particle Size, Time Factors, Carcinogenicity Tests, Risk Assessment, Evidence-Based Medicine, Inhalation Exposure, Nanoparticles

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