Cited by 122Coffee research and impactsSleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and related disorders

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Faster but not smarter: effects of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on alertness and performance

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Rogers, Peter J., Heatherley, Susan V., Mullings, Emma L., Smith, Jessica E.·2013·Psychopharmacology

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Abstract

Rationale Despite 100 years of psychopharmacological research, the extent to which caffeine consumption benefits human functioning remains unclear.Objectives To measure the effects of overnight caffeine abstinence and caffeine administration as a function of level of habitual caffeine consumption.Methods Medium-high (n = 212) and non-low (n = 157) caffeine consumers completed self-report measures and computer-based tasks before (starting at 10:30 AM) and after double-blind treatment with either caffeine (100 mg, then 150 mg) or placebo. The first treatment was given at 11:15 AM and the second at 12:45 PM, with post-treatment measures repeated twice between 1:45 PM and 3:30 PM.Results Caffeine withdrawal was associated with some detrimental effects at 10:30 AM, and more severe effects, including greater sleepiness, lower mental alertness, and poorer performance on simple reaction time, choice reaction time and recognition memory tasks, later in the afternoon. Caffeine improved these measures in medium-high consumers but, apart from decreasing sleepiness, had little effect on them in non-low consumers. The failure of caffeine to increase mental alertness and improve mental performance in non-low consumers was related to a substantial caffeine-induced increase in anxiety/jitteriness that offset the benefit of decreased sleepiness. Caffeine enhanced physical performance (faster tapping speed and faster simple and choice reaction times) in both medium-high and non-low consumers.Conclusions While caffeine benefits motor performance and tolerance develops to its tendency to increase anxiety/jitteriness, tolerance to its effects on sleepiness means that frequent consumption fails to enhance mental alertness and mental performance.

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Authors: Rogers, P. J., Heatherley, S. V., Mullings, E. L., & Smith, J. E.
Affiliations: University of Bristol (GB)
University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author: Rogers, Peter J.
ORCID: Rogers, Peter J.
Mullings, Emma L.
Venue: Psychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-10-30
Volume: 226
Issue: 2
Pages: 229-240
ISSN: 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
1432-2072
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2889-4
OpenAlex: W2049335959
Cited by: 122
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5
FWCI: 6.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research-information.bris.ac.uk
Licence: other-oa
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: GlaxoSmithKline
Directorate for Biological Sciences
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/B/01855)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: caffeine, caffeine withdrawal, habitual caffeine consumption, alertness, cognitive performance, sleepiness, reaction time, recognition memory, anxiety, jitteriness, motor performance, caffeine tolerance, placebo
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Anxiety, Caffeine, Cognition, Computers, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult

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Faster but not smarter: effects of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on alertness and performance

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