Supplementation of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate together could not improve performance and performance-related factors in CrossFit participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Open accessAbstract
Background CrossFit includes weightlifting, powerlifting, and gymnastics in various combinations of overloads and repetitions with limited rest periods or no rest between training sets. Due to the novelty of CrossFit, there are few studies on the effect of nutritional strategies on the acute response to this type of sports activity. This study examined the effect of caffeine (CAF) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion separately and in combination on the performance and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during the Cindy CrossFit workout (Cindy) in CrossFit participants.Method In a double-blind, crossover, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 20 CrossFit participants underwent five experimental conditions, including control (CON), placebo (PLA), CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 (7 days to wash-out between assessment sessions) before completing the Cindy protocol (age: 22.30 ± 2.88 years, body mass index: 25.22 ± 2.51 kg/m2). Capsules containing 6 mg/kg body weight (BW) CAF were consumed 50 min before the Cindy workout while 0.3 g/kg BW NaHCO3 was consumed for 3 days, leading to 120, 90, and 60 min before the Cindy workout. Performance, RPE, muscular power (MP), handgrip strength (HGS), and maximum heart rate (MHR) were measured before and shortly after the Cindy.Results The performance of CrossFit participants during the Cindy protocol was not significantly improved following CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 (P > 0.05). In contrast, RPE during and at the end of the Cindy was significantly decreased following CAF + NaHCO3 consumption compared to PLA and CON (P = 0.001, P = 0.02). However, MP (P = 0.82) and HGS (P = 0.52) were not significantly different between conditions. Also, MHR was significantly greater following CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 consumption than CON (P = 0.01).Conclusion CAF + NaHCO3 supplementation decreased RPE despite significantly increased MHR, but with no significant effect on performance, HGS, or MP. Therefore, CrossFit participants may benefit from the ergogenic effects of CAF and NaHCO3 when consumed separately or together.
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There was lack of clarity in Ziyaiyan et al. 2023's reporting on whether the difference in GIS was statistically significant and what conditions served as comparisons.
“However, there was lack of clarity of reporting on whether this was statistically significant and what conditions were serving as the comparisons.”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Ziyaiyan et al. 2023
The Results section (‘Gastrointestinal symptoms’; page unavailable) explicitly calls the GI side effects significant and identifies the placebo group as the comparator for both the combined caffeine–sodium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate conditions. The Discussion repeats those comparisons, contrary to the claim that significance and comparators were unclear. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRezaei et al. 2019, Sarshin et al. 2021, and Ziyaiyan et al. 2023 provided meals containing 1.5 g/kg carbohydrate alongside sodium bicarbonate at the time of the final dose before exercise.
“Worth noting, (Rezaei et al. 2019), (Sarshin et al. 2021), and (Ziyaiyan et al. 2023) provided meals containing 1.5 g/kg carbohydrate alongside sodium bicarbonate at the time of the final dose before exercise.”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Ziyaiyan et al. 2023
Methods > Dietary control reports a standardized snack containing 1.5 g/kg body weight of carbohydrate 150 minutes before the protocol. Methods > Supplementation protocol says the final sodium bicarbonate capsule was administered 60 minutes before the protocol, so the snack was not provided alongside the final dose. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRezaei et al. 2019 and Ziyaiyan et al. 2023 provided 0.3 g/kg/day sodium bicarbonate over a three-day span, both alone and alongside caffeine.
“(Rezaei et al. 2019) and (Ziyaiyan et al. 2023) provided 0.3 g/kg/day over a three‐day span, both alone and alongside caffeine.”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Ziyaiyan et al. 2023
Three chronic dosing studies provided sodium bicarbonate in gelatin capsules.
“Three studies provided sodium bicarbonate in gelatin capsules (Delextrat et al. 2018; Rezaei et al. 2019; Ziyaiyan et al. 2023)”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Ziyaiyan et al. 2023
Three chronic-dosing studies made no mention of timing of GIS assessment whatsoever (Sarshin et al. 2021; Rezaei et al. 2019; Ziyaiyan et al. 2023).
“while an additional three studies made no mention of timing whatsoever (Sarshin et al. 2021; Rezaei et al. 2019; Ziyaiyan et al. 2023).”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Ziyaiyan et al. 2023
Significant or apparent differences in gastrointestinal symptoms between conditions were found in only one chronic-dosing investigation (Ziyaiyan et al. 2023), which reported higher GIS ratings with two sodium bicarbonate conditions.
“Significant or apparent differences in GIS between conditions were found in only one investigation (Ziyaiyan et al. 2023), which reported higher GIS ratings with two sodium bicarbonate conditions.”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Ziyaiyan et al. 2023
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Intervenção nutricional para recomposição corporal e performance de praticantes de Crossfit
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Liu, S., Fan, X., Song, T., Gu, J., Jian, Z., Zhang, X., Li, H., & Deng, H. (2026) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo16090658 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Winter, I. P., Sarac, P., & Wilson, P. B. (2026) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70225
A avaliação do perfil nutricional de praticantes de Crossfit
de Gusmão, K. W. M. V., Ribeiro, Y. T. S., & de Almeida, S. G. (2024) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v13i12.47607
Markowski, D., Rodziewicz, J., Daniszewski, W., Kretschmer, V., Baranowska, M., Sobolewska, E., Kondracki, P., & Markowski, M. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5083
Xiao, J., Zheng, J., Lin, Q., Wang, X., Xu, L., Xie, Y., Peng, Y., Gong, Y., & Cao, Y. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18182969
- Authors
- Ziyaiyan, A., Shabkhiz, F., & Hofmeister, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Tehran (IR)
- Department Food and Nutrition, Consumer Centre of the German Federal State of Bavaria, Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author
- Shabkhiz, Fatemeh
- Venue
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-05-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2206390-2206390
- ISSN
- 1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10167875
- OpenAlex
- W4375856105
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 4.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- no funding
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine supplementation, sodium bicarbonate supplementation, CrossFit, rating of perceived exertion, muscle power, grip strength, maximal heart rate, ergogenic aids, dietary supplementation, high-intensity functional training, powerlifting, gymnastics, weightlifting
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Caffeine, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Polyesters, Sodium Bicarbonate, Cross-Over Studies, Hand Strength, Dietary Supplements, Athletic Performance, Young Adult
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