LC-QTOF-MS/MS for Tentative Identification of Antioxidant Peptides in Defatted Spirulina platensis Cakes Obtained by Supercritical CO2 Extraction
Open accessAbstract
This work tackles a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) to recover potential products from a nutritional and bioactive point of view. The execution of a response-surface model (RSO) through Box-Behnken design yielded 86% defatting, which significantly contrasts traditional Soxhlet extraction (9%). Contrarily to most of the reported works in the literature that focused on the analysis of the recovered oil, this study points out the added value of the remaining cakes after processing (spirulina residues). Namely, protein content determined by the DUMAS method concluded that a noted increase in the SFE cake was produced with respect to the raw material (from 69.2 to 74.4 g/100 g). In this regard, a tentative identification of antioxidant peptides through LC-QTOF-MS/MS was carried out. More deeply, 14 peptide sequences containing specific amino acids with potential antioxidant capacity were found in the SFE remaining cakes, of which the peptide sequences "SIVNADAEARYLSPGELDRIK" and "RYLSPGELDRIKSFVT" were only detected in these cakes and not in the Soxhlet solids. In addition, 4 short amino acid groups associated with potential antioxidant capacity were also identified in both cases ("EL", "RY", "RYL", and "YL"). ICP-MS served to determine the mineral profile in these materials, with most of them remaining in the cakes after SFE and Soxhlet extractions. With respect to oils, they were rich in Mg, P, K, and Fe minerals. The SFE oil extract had a much higher antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, chlorophyll A, and carotenoid content than the Soxhlet extract. Overall, this study presents an advanced extraction technique that efficiently recovers bioactive compounds and nutrients with potential food applications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Microalgae contain phenolic compounds, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and peptides as bioactive compounds.
“Microalgae contain phenolic compounds, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and peptides as bioactive compounds [65,66],”
From Valorization of Microalgae as Multifunctional Protein Sources in Plant-Based Systems: Structural, Functional, and Processing Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents
Lichtenthaler, H. K., & Wellburn, A. R. (1983) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0110591 · Cited by 6,813 · see citing works
A review of sustainable and intensified techniques for extraction of food and natural products
Chemat, F., Abert Vian, M., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S., Nutrizio, M., Režek Jambrak, A., Munekata, P. E. S., Lorenzo, J. M., Barba, F. J., Binello, A., & Cravotto, G. (2020) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c9gc03878g · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroalgae: A Promising Source of Valuable Bioproducts
Dolganyuk, V. F., Belovа, D., Babich, O., Prosekov, A. Y., Ivanova, S. A., Katserov, D., Patyukov, N., & Сухих, С. А. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10081153 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
The Role of Minerals in the Optimal Functioning of the Immune System
Weyh, C., Krüger, K., Peeling, P., & Castell, L. M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030644 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Barba, F. J., Grimi, N., & Vorobiev, E. (2014) · Food Engineering Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12393-014-9095-6 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroalgal drying and cell disruption – Recent advances
Show, K.-Y., Lee, D., Tay, J., Lee, T., & Chang, J. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.139 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Extraction of lipids from microalgae using classical and innovative approaches
Zhou, J., Wang, M., Saraiva, J. A., Martins, A. P., Pinto, C. A., Prieto, M. A., Simal‐Gándara, J., Cao, H., Xiao, J., & Barba, F. J. (2022) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132236 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationAmpofo, J., & Abbey, L. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11121744 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Ejike, C. E. C. C., Collins, S. A., Balasuriya, N., Swanson, A. K., Mason, B., & Udenigwe, C. C. (2016) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.10.026 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Solana, M., Rizza, C. S., & Bertucco, A. (2014) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2014.06.013 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Marzorati, S., Schievano, A., Idà, A., & Verotta, L. (2019) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c9gc03292d · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Lima, G. M., Teixeira, P. C. N., Teixeira, C. M. L. L., Filócomo, D., & Lage, C. L. S. (2018) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.012 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Darwish, R., Gedi, M. A., Akepach, P., Assaye, H., Zaky, A. S., & Gray, D. A. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10196736 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Zhou, J., Gullón, B., Wang, M., Gullón, P., Lorenzo, J. M., & Barba, F. J. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9020357 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationGeorgiopoulou, I., Τζήμα, Σ., Louli, V., & Magoulas, K. G. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13042740 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Cao, D., Sun, X., Sun, S., & Xu, N. (2019) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-019-1746-9 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, acidic or basic amino acids (Glu, Asp, and Lys) could act as metal ion chelators, while aromatic amino acids (Tyr, Trp, and Phe) could quench free radicals by electron transfer [31, 32].”
Perdana, B. A., Chaidir, Z., Kusnanda, A. J., Dharma, A., Zakaria, I. J., Syafrizayanti, S., Bayu, A., & Putra, M. Y. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102542 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Timira, V., Meki, K., Li, Z., Lin, H., Xu, M., & Pramod, S. N. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1873734 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Wang, M., Morón-Ortiz, Á., Zhou, J., Benítez-González, A. M., Mapelli‐Brahm, P., Meléndez‐Martínez, A. J., & Barba, F. J. (2022) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134885 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationPeng, B., Wang, C., He, X., Ma, Y., Zhou, M., Ma, X., Zhao, S., & Fang, Y. (2022) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135151 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
de la Fuente, B., Pallarés, N., Berrada, H., & Barba, F. J. (2021) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md19060323 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationBegum, N., Qi, F., Yang, F., Khan, Q. U., Faizan, Fu, Q., Li, J., Xiu, W., Wang, X., Wang, J., et al. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12112608 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sahil, S., Bodh, S., & Verma, P. (2024) · Journal of Cellular Biotechnology · doi:10.3233/jcb-240151 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dejsungkranont, M., Chen, H., & Sirisansaneeyakul, S. (2017) · Agriculture and Natural Resources · doi:10.1016/j.anres.2017.12.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Martí-Quijal, F. J., Pallarés, N., Dawidowicz, K., Ruiz, M.-J., & Barba, F. J. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12132509 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationQiuhui, H. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9812432 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Chlorophyll a from Spirulina platensis with a Static Modifier
Tong, Y., Gao, L., Xiao, G., & Pan, X. (2010) · Chemical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1002/ceat.201000379 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Li, P., Bao, Z., Wang, Y., Su, X., Zhou, H. M., & Xu, B. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2286634 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lipid Extraction fromSpirulinasp. andSchizochytriumsp. Using Supercritical CO 2 with Methanol
Liu, S., Hajar, H. A. A., Riefler, R. G., & Stuart, B. J. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/2720763 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Microalgal fractionation for lipids, pigments and protein recovery
Obeid, S., Beaufils, N., Peydecastaing, J., Camy, S., Takache, H., Ismail, A., & Pontalier, P.-Y. (2022) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhou, J., Wang, M., Grimi, N., Dar, B. N., Calvo-Lerma, J., & Barba, F. J. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2237586 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation(EFSA), E. F. S. A., Comandella, D., Bignami, M., Fürst, P., Grob, K., Mengelers, M. J. B., Cascio, C., Xiftou, K., Croera, C., & Lambré, C. (2024) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2024.en-9001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Development of certified reference materials of lithium chloride solution for water activity
Zhang, A., Wang, H., Li, X., & Li, J. (2023) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137824 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ketu, K. V., Akwo, A. U., Innocent, M., & Aphrodite, C. T. (2026) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2026.101235 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Boza, A., Lemos, E., Bürck, M., Gautério, G. V., & Braga, A. R. C. (2026) · Macromol · doi:10.3390/macromol6030054
Aziz, A. H. A., Mamat, H., Ringgit, G., Zamzami, I. M. A., Jaziri, A. A., & Lal, M. T. M. (2026) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2026.107101
Gao, W., Hernández‐García, L., Pallarés, N., Salgado-Ramos, M., Sebastià, A., Castagnini, J. M., Martínez‐Culebras, P. V., & Barba, F. J. (2026) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-026-05248-9
Self-citationSebastià, A., Salgado-Ramos, M., Pallarés, N., López-Contreras, S., Garrigues, S., Tamayo-Ramos, J. A., Lucas‐González, R., Fernández‐López, J., & Barba, F. J. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.6c05435
Self-citationSalgado-Ramos, M., Pallarés, N., Capilla, V., Benítez, M., Ros‐Lis, J. V., & J.Barba, F. (2026) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.151463
Self-citationHydrolysates and peptides from aquatic side streams: Current trends and prospects
García‐Moreno, P. J., Echers, S. G., Pérez‐Gálvez, R., Espejo-Carpio, F. J., Ghelichi, S., Botella-Galera, A., Hajfathalian, M., Guadix, A., & Guadix, E. M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45519-3.00002-9
- Authors
- Cuesta-Ramos, L., Sánchez-Moreno, N., Salgado-Ramos, M., Castagnini, J. M., Martí-Quijal, F. J., Ferrer, E., Barba, F. J., & Pallarés, N.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Barba, Francisco J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Published
- 2025-08-28
- Volume
- 418
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1645-1657
- ISSN
- 1618-2642 (ISSN-L)
- 1618-2650
- OpenAlex
- W4413767905
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- MICIU with funding from European Union Next Generation EU and by Generalitat Valenciana (AGROALNEXT/2022/060)
- Generalitat Valenciana (CIAPOS/2023/236)
- Universitat de Valencia
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- Spirulina platensis, supercritical CO2 extraction, antioxidant peptides, peptide identification, LC-QTOF-MS/MS, Soxhlet extraction comparison, response surface optimization, Box-Behnken design, protein content, mineral profile, antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, carotenoids, chlorophyll a, bioactive compounds
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Carbon Dioxide, Chromatography, Liquid, Peptides, Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid, Spirulina, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
